Renegotiation

U.S. Pres. Donald Trump came into office in January 2017 determined to scrap U.S. involvement in the TPP and to renegotiate NAFTA, which he frequently characterized as the worst trade deal ever made. In his first week in office he issued an executive order pulling the United States out of the TPP (though Congress had yet to approve the agreement). Trump then set his sights on NAFTA, from which he threatened to remove the United States if the agreement was not renegotiated to his liking. At the centre of his approach was a promise to bring back more manufacturing jobs to the United States. Representatives from Canada, Mexico, and the United States began renegotiating the agreement in August 2017. However, months of negotiations brought little progress. Tensions mounted between Canada and the United States after Trump, in April 2018, announced the imposition of import tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum, an action that threatened to start a trade war and prompted forceful condemnation from Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

At the end of August 2018 Mexico and the United States announced that they had come to terms on a new trade agreement that preserved much of NAFTA but introduced a number of significant changes. Under the pressure of being the odd country out, Canada, in the waning hours of September 30, also agreed to join the new trade accord, which was branded the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA). The pact was signed by Trump, Trudeau, and Mexican Pres. Enrique Peña Nieto on November 30, 2018. Most of the agreement, which required approval from the countries’ legislatures, went into effect on July 1, 2020.

Some of the most prominent terms of the new agreement related to automobile manufacture. Under the USMCA, in order for a car or truck to be exempt from tariffs, 75 percent of its components would have to be manufactured in North America. Under NAFTA, the corresponding requirement had been only 62.5 percent. The agreement also required that at least 30 percent of work on tariff-exempt vehicles must have been done by workers earning at least $16 per hour (significantly more than Mexican laborers received). Canada reluctantly made concessions that opened access to its market for dairy products, but it won the preservation of a special dispute process (Chapter 19) that U.S. negotiators had sought to remove.