Ireland

Table of Contents

Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
- Relief
- Drainage
- Soils
- Climate
- Plant and animal life
People
- Ethnic groups, language, and religion
- Settlement patterns
- Demographic trends
Economy
- Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
  - Agriculture
  - Forestry and fishing
- Resources and power
- Manufacturing
- Finance
- Trade
- Services
- Labour and taxation
- Transportation and telecommunications
  - Roads and railways
  - Waterborne traffic
  - Air facilities
  - Telecommunications
Government and society
- Constitutional framework
- Local government
- Justice
- Political process
- Security
- Health and welfare
- Housing
- Education
Cultural life
- Daily life and social customs
- The arts
  - Literature: Prose and poetry
  - Theatre
  - Music and dance
  - Visual arts
- Cultural institutions
- Sports and recreation
- Media and publishing
History
- Early Ireland
  - Neolithic Period
  - Bronze Age
  - Iron Age
  - Early Celtic Ireland
    - Political and social organization
    - Rural economy and living conditions
    - Early political history
    - Irish raids and migrations
  - Early Christianity
    - Conversion
    - Irish monasticism
    - Learning and art
  - The Norse invasions and their aftermath
- First centuries of English rule (c. 1166–c. 1600)
  - The Anglo-Norman invasion
  - The 14th and 15th centuries
  - The Kildare ascendancy
  - The Reformation period
  - Ireland under Elizabeth I
    - The Shane O’Neill rebellion
    - The Desmond rebellion
    - The Tyrone rebellion
- Modern Ireland under British rule
  - The 17th century
    - James I (1603–25)
    - Charles I (1625–49) and the Commonwealth (1649–60)
    - The Restoration period and the Jacobite war
  - The 18th century
  - Social, economic, and cultural life in the 17th and 18th centuries
  - The 19th and early 20th centuries
    - Political discontent
    - The rise of Fenianism
    - The Home Rule movement and the Land League
    - The 20th-century crisis
- Independent Ireland to 1959
  - The Irish Free State, 1922–32
  - De Valera’s governments (1932–48) and the quest for sovereignty
  - The Republic of Ireland
- Developments since 1959
  - Economic and political developments
    - Integration in Europe
    - The rough road to prosperity
    - The debt crisis and beyond
  - Social and religious changes
  - Relations with Northern Ireland
Leaders of Ireland since 1922

References & Edit History Facts & Stats

Images, Videos & Interactives

Map showing the republic of Ireland, its counties, and its major cities.

Cliffs of Moher, County Clare, Ireland

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River Liffey, Dublin

Ireland's coastline

St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin

Ireland: Religious affiliation

For Students

Ireland summary

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Ireland: Facts & Stats

Written and fact-checked by The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia Britannica

News •

Zimbabwe v Ireland: Young replaces injured Adair in Irish T20 squad • Feb. 20, 2025, 5:12 AM ET (BBC)

Ireland will simply have to live with favourites’ tag for Wales game • Feb. 19, 2025, 12:47 AM ET (Irish Times)

Six Nations 2025: Ireland's Caelan Doris, Ronan Kelleher and Tadhg Furlong to miss Wales game • Feb. 18, 2025, 5:52 AM ET (BBC)

Failure to submit emission targets to UN indication climate is not priority for Government, says Green Party leader • Feb. 17, 2025, 9:23 AM ET (Irish Times)

Zimbabwe v Ireland: Stirling & Campher help Irish to ODI win in Harare • Feb. 16, 2025, 3:13 AM ET (BBC)

Facts

Also Known As	Irish Free State • Éire
Head Of Government	Prime Minister: Micheál Martin
Capital	Dublin
Population	(2025 est.) 5,374,000
Currency Exchange Rate	1 USD equals 0.937 euro
Head Of State	President: Michael D. Higgins
Form Of Government	unitary multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Senate [60²]; House of Representatives [158])
Official Languages	Irish; English
Official Religion	none
Official Name	Éire (Irish); Ireland¹ (English)
Total Area (Sq Km)	71,118
Total Area (Sq Mi)	27,458
Monetary Unit	euro (€)
Population Rank	(2023) 124
Population Projection 2030	5,262,000
Density: Persons Per Sq Mi	(2025) 195.7
Density: Persons Per Sq Km	(2025) 75.6
Urban-Rural Population	Urban: (2019) 68.6% • Rural: (2019) 31.4%
Life Expectancy At Birth	Male: (2021) 80.5 years • Female: (2021) 84.3 years
Literacy: Percentage Of Population Age 15 And Over Literate	Male: 100% • Female: 100%
Gni (U.S.$ ’000,000)	(2023) 423,059
Gni Per Capita (U.S.$)	(2023) 80,390
¹As provided by the constitution.²Includes 11 nonelective seats.

Photos and Videos

Map showing the republic of Ireland, its counties, and its major cities.

Cliffs of Moher, County Clare, Ireland

River Liffey, Dublin

Ireland's coastline

St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin

Cobh, County Cork, Ireland

Eyeries, County Cork, Ireland

Long Room, Old Library, Trinity College Dublin

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Learn about The Great Book of Ireland, a book containing hundreds of Irish poems, music compositions, and drawings produced between 1989 and 1991

View a demonstration of early and medieval Irish foods possibly eaten by Saint Patrick and his contemporaries

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Learn about the 15th earl of Desmond rebellion against the English crown and the formation of the Munster Plantation

National anthem of Ireland

See All Videos, Images, Audio and Interactives →

Topics

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Fine Gael leader Simon Harris

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Irish politician

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Oliver Cromwell

English statesman

George III

George III

king of Great Britain

Charles I

Charles I

king of Great Britain and Ireland

David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George

prime minister of United Kingdom

William E. Gladstone

William Ewart Gladstone

prime minister of United Kingdom

William III

William III

king of England, Scotland, and Ireland

Charles II, 19th-century engraving by William Holl.

Charles II

king of Great Britain and Ireland

Godfrey Kneller: painting of James II

James II

king of England, Scotland, and Ireland

Charles Stewart Parnell

Charles Stewart Parnell

Irish leader

Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh

Irish statesman

Thomas Wentworth, 1st earl of Strafford

English noble

Eamon de Valera

Eamon de Valera

president of Ireland

Leo Varadkar

Leo Varadkar

prime minister of Ireland

Patron saint of Ireland

St. Patrick

bishop and patron saint of Ireland

Wellesley, Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquess

Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley

British statesman

Gerry Adams

Gerry Adams

Irish leader

Brian Cowen.

Brian Cowen

prime minister of Ireland

Anne

Anne

queen of Great Britain and Ireland

Enda Kenny

Enda Kenny

prime minister of Ireland

The island of Ireland

Ireland

island, Europe

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Europe

continent

Atlantic Ocean, with depth contours and submarine features

Atlantic Ocean

Dublin Castle

Dublin

national capital, Ireland

Cork: City Hall

Cork

Ireland

Brandon Mountain

Kerry

county, Ireland

Munster: Hore Abbey

Tipperary

county, Ireland

Muntervary peninsula

Cork

county, Ireland

Thomond Bridge over the River Shannon and King John's Castle at Limerick, Ireland

Limerick

Ireland

County Wicklow, Ireland

Wicklow

county, Ireland

Strandhill

Sligo

county, Ireland

Headfort estate

Meath

county, Ireland

County Clare, Ireland

Clare

county, Ireland

Athy

Kildare

county, Ireland

Narrow Water Castle

Ulster

historic province, Ireland

Quiz

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Guess the Country by Its Neighbors Quiz

10:087 Ocean: The World of Water, two globes showing eastern and western hemispheres

You Name It!

Flag of Ireland

The Irish Quiz

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Rural Irish landscape, Sligo, Ireland.

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The Country Quiz

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Islands and Archipelagos

List

Skellig Michael, UNESCO World Heritage Site, County Kerry, Munster, Ireland.

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Demystified

Rural Irish landscape, Sligo, Ireland.

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