ionization

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first ionization energies of the elements

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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Italian Renaissance painter from Florence. Engraving by Cosomo Colombini (d. 1812) after a Leonardo self portrait. Ca. 1500.

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ionization energy electron affinity photo-ionization thermal ionization impact ionization resonance ionization secondary ionization resonant two-photon ionization Franck–Condon principle Grotthuss–Draper law nuclear reaction subatomic particle radioactivity isotope atomism periodic table magnetic resonance carbanion carbonium ion atomic physics

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Norman Robert Campbell

British physicist and philosopher