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The distribution pattern of precipitation throughout the year is varied. Relatively uniform moisture is characteristic of the Asian equatorial zone. Maximum summer precipitation and minimum winter precipitation are the rule in the subequatorial zones and in other regions with monsoon climates, as well as in those areas where there is summer movement of the fronts—the polar front in the mountains of southern Siberia and the Arctic front in the subarctic regions. Wet winters and dry summers are typical of the Mediterranean climatic region in West Asia, where precipitation is associated with the winter activity of the polar front. That polar-front activity, accompanied by maximum precipitation, occurs in the spring in the interior parts of the West Asian highlands. Summer and winter precipitation merges in some parts of Asia. In the Kolkhida area of Georgia east of the Black Sea, the summer rains—brought by the northwesterly Atlantic air currents—merge with the cyclonic Mediterranean winter rains. In some areas of Japan, Korea, and eastern China, there is uniform precipitation when, in addition to the summer monsoon, the winter monsoon brings moisture.
As the aggregate result of those various meteorological patterns, the following types of climate may be distinguished in Asia: the tundra climate (associated with the cold, treeless plains of the Arctic lowlands of Asia); the cold, sharply continental climate of eastern Siberia; the cold, moderately humid western Siberian climate; the humid, subtropical climate associated with the Kolkhida region; the desert climate of the temperate zone; the Mediterranean subtropical climate of the western edge of West Asia; the subtropical desert climate; the mountain-steppe highland subtropical climate of West and Central Asia; the alpine desert climate; the climate of the eastern Pamirs, the Karakoram Range, and the Plateau of Tibet; the climate of the tropical deserts; the temperate monsoon climate of the East Asian part of Siberia and the northern parts of Japan and eastern China; the subtropical monsoon climate of southern Japan and of southeastern China; the subequatorial monsoon climate of South Asia, eastern Java, and the Lesser Sunda Islands; and the equatorial climate of the Greater Sunda Islands. All the various features of the types of climate mentioned exert a strong influence on other natural conditions, as well as on the landscape as a whole.
Urban climate
Human activities, both cultural and economic, have distinctive effects on climate. One example of that is provided by the microclimates associated with cities and with large industrial complexes. The emission in those areas of quantities of dust and gases can alter temperatures and change wind patterns. Such conditions are characteristic, for example, of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area and the industrial region of northern Kyushu in Japan, of Kolkata (Calcutta) and the industrial area of the northeastern part of peninsular India, and of the industrial regions of the Kuznetsk Coal Basin in south-central Siberia.
Yury Konstantinovich Yefremov Aleksandr Maximovich Ryabchikov Nina Nikolaevna Alexeeva