Asia

Table of Contents

Introduction
Geologic history
- General considerations
  - Tectonic framework
  - Chronological summary
- Stratigraphy and structure
  - The Precambrian
  - The Paleozoic Era
    - Paleozoic events in the Altaids
    - Paleozoic events in the Tethysides
    - Paleozoic events in the continental nuclei
  - The Mesozoic Era
    - Mesozoic events in the Tethysides
    - Mesozoic events in the Altaids
    - Mesozoic events in the continental nuclei
    - Mesozoic events in the circum-Pacific orogenic belts
  - The Cenozoic Era
    - Cenozoic events in the Alpide plate boundary zone and in the Arabian and Indian cratons
    - Cenozoic events in Stable Asia
    - Cenozoic events in the island arcs and the marginal basins
Land
- Relief
  - The mountain belts
  - The plains and lowlands
  - The islands
  - Geologic and climatic influences
  - The regions of Asia
    - North Asia
    - East Asia
    - Central Asia and South Siberia
    - South Asia
    - Southeast Asia
    - Middle Asia
    - West Asia
    - Southwest Asia
- Drainage
  - Rivers
  - Lakes
  - Groundwater
- Soils
  - The Arctic zone
  - The forest tundra
  - The forest zone
  - The forest-steppe and steppe
  - Semidesert and desert
  - The Asian Mediterranean
  - The subtropical monsoonal regions
  - The subequatorial and equatorial regions
  - The mountains
  - Effects of human activity on the soil
- Climate
  - Air masses and wind patterns
    - Continental climate
    - The polar front
    - Monsoons and typhoons
  - The influence of topography
  - Temperature
  - Precipitation
  - Climatic regions
  - Urban climate
- Plant life
  - The geographic pattern of vegetation
    - North and Central Asia
    - East Asia
    - South and Southeast Asia
    - West Asia
  - Vegetation and society
    - Vegetation in traditional civilization
    - Human impact on natural landscapes
- Animal life
  - The Palearctic region
    - The tundra
    - The taiga
    - The steppes
    - East and Southwest Asia
  - The Oriental region
    - Mammals
    - Birds
    - Reptiles and amphibians
    - Fish
    - Invertebrates
People
- Ethnic groups
  - Prehistoric centres and ancient migrations
  - Historical migrations
  - Multiethnic states
- Languages
- Religion
  - South Asia
  - Southwest Asia
  - East Asia
  - Other religions
- Settlement patterns
  - Ecological factors
  - Rural settlement
  - Urban settlement
- Demographic trends
  - Early population distribution
  - 20th-century changes
  - Contemporary trends
Economy
- General considerations
- Resources
  - Mineral resources
    - Coal
    - Petroleum and natural gas
    - Uranium
    - Iron
    - Ferroalloy metals
    - Nonferrous base metals
    - Precious metals
    - Nonmetallic minerals
  - Water resources
  - Biological resources
    - Botanical resources
    - Animal resources
  - Resource development
- Mining
- Timber, fisheries, and animal husbandry
- Agriculture
  - Agricultural technology
  - Principal crops
    - Cereals and grains
    - Fruits and vegetables
    - Cash crops
- Manufacturing
  - Heavy industry and engineering
  - Chemicals and petrochemicals
  - Textiles and other light manufacturing
  - Handicrafts
- Energy
- Services
- Trade
  - Historical background
  - Contemporary trade patterns
- Transportation

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