Sheikh Jarrah
Sheikh Jarrah, neighborhood in Jerusalem located north of the Old City. Since coming under de facto Israeli control during the Six-Day War in 1967, the neighborhood has been the center of a high-profile dispute over land ownership. The controversy heightened in 2009 when Palestinian families were evicted from the neighborhood for the first time and were replaced by Jewish families.
Location and history
The neighborhood is situated around the tombs of Simeon the Just (Shimon HaTzadik), a Jewish religious leader from the 3rd century bce who was associated with the Kneset ha-Gedola (Great Assembly), and Ḥussam al-Dīn al-Jarrāḥī, an emir of the Ayyubid dynasty in the 12th century ce. The latter tomb is located along Nablus Road, which was historically a part of the main route between Jerusalem and Damascus. In premodern times vineyards (Arabic kurūm; singular karm) and summer homes (quṣūr) for Jerusalemite notables occupied much of the area.
The area’s modern settlement followed the Ottoman Land Law of 1858, a land reform law that secured the ownership and development of private property (see Tanzimat). One of Jerusalem’s most prolific land merchants of the time, Rabāḥ al-Ḥusaynī, built a luxury villa (now the American Colony Hotel) on property adjacent to Jarrāḥī’s tomb about 1870. In 1882 Salīm al-Ḥusaynī, the mayor of Jerusalem (1879–97) and Rabāḥ’s brother, followed suit and built his own villa next door. Other members of the Ḥusaynī (Husseini) family also began building modern homes in the area, as did members of other prominent families, such as the Nashāshībīs. Meanwhile, in 1876 two Jewish trusts purchased land around the tomb of Simeon the Just. Beginning in the 1890s, the trusts built housing for religious scholars and Jewish migrants from Yemen, Syria, and Georgia.
Controversy over land ownership
The first Arab-Israeli war (1948–49) transformed the landscape of Jerusalem altogether. The area was split between Jewish control in the west and Arab control in the east. The Jews living in Sheikh Jarrah, which was located in the eastern section, were forced to leave. After Jordan annexed the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, in 1950, it settled in Sheikh Jarrah several Palestinian families that had been forced out of Israel. With the assistance of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), their housing units were constructed on empty land that had been owned by one of the Jewish trusts before the war.
During the Six-Day War (1967) Sheikh Jarrah came under the de facto control of Israel after its forces occupied East Jerusalem. In 1972 the Jewish trusts laid legal claim to the land they had left behind in Sheikh Jarrah, but their documentation did not satisfy the legal requirements to complete the registration process. The trusts attempted to assert ownership nonetheless, and in 1982 they filed a lawsuit to evict many of the Palestinian residents. The residents’ attorney concluded a procedural agreement, without the residents’ full knowledge or consent, that accepted their status as tenants. That procedural agreement served as the legal basis for subsequent attempts at eviction.
Litigation continued through the remainder of the century, but several decades passed before any evictions were carried out. In 2003 the trusts sold their property rights to Nahalat Shimon International, an organization based in the United States that was created to facilitate moving Jewish Israelis into Sheikh Jarrah. In 2008 the organization stepped up legal efforts to evict Palestinian residents, and in 2009 it effected the eviction of two families and on the same day it moved in new Jewish residents. In May 2021 an imminent court ruling on the eviction of four families from Sheikh Jarrah sparked a major escalation of violence between Israelis and Palestinians that left hundreds of people dead. The ruling was delayed, and in March 2022 Israel’s Supreme Court for the first time ordered the Ministry of Justice to sort out the legal ownership of the land.
