Economy of Victoria
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Victoria has a broadly based economy with well-developed primary, manufacturing, and service sectors; it contributes about one-fourth of Australia’s gross domestic product (GDP). Since the mid-1960s the state’s limited reserves of major land-based mineral deposits have been balanced by offshore petroleum and natural gas finds. Most of the main farming areas are used for improved or natural pastures or for cultivation, which involves mainly wheat and fodder crops. The main categories of productive holdings are dairy farms, sheep stations, mixed sheep-and-cereal farms, cereal farms, beef cattle operations, and vineyards.
Until the 1980s Victoria was the traditional financial and cultural hub of Australia. Toward the end of the 20th century it was supplanted in this role by New South Wales, largely because of the decline of traditional protected manufacturing industries and a fall in the relative value of trade return for agricultural commodities. By the beginning of the 21st century, however, Victoria had begun to regain its stature through economic growth and restructuring.
Agriculture
With the exception of the deserts of the west and extreme northwest, agricultural activities are undertaken in nearly every segment of Victoria’s varied terrain. In the eastern region of the upland core, steep slopes and longer winters have discouraged cultivation except in sheltered valleys, but some hops and tobacco are grown. Beef cattle breeding and fattening, raising of prime lambs, and production of crossbred wool are the main rural activities of the area. In the western part of the upland, the lower relief, gentler slopes, and milder winters render the region more suitable for crop farming, and much of the forest cover has been cleared; most farmers also raise sheep and beef cattle.
In the plains surrounding the uplands, the agricultural industry centres on the cultivation of feed grains and grasses, the raising of livestock, and dairying, although the Mallee is also the state’s primary viticultural area. Cultivation of wheat and fodder to support and supplement the raising of prime lambs and Merino sheep (for wool) are prominent in the plains north of the uplands and in the Wimmera. East of the Loddon River, varying soils and irrigation allow the cultivation of fruit and grain, as well as the raising of sheep and dairy cattle. The plentiful winter rainfall and mild summers of the Gippsland Plains make for excellent dairy farming; the production of veal and pork supplements the yields of milk and cheese. In the western region of the southern plains, livestock raising is again preeminent. Fine-wool sheep breeding and beef cattle breeding and fattening are typical, with some dairying around the towns of Colac, Camperdown, and Koroit.
Victoria is not only preeminent as Australia’s dairying state; it is also a major producer of cattle and calves and wool. These three activities form the core of the state’s agriculture sector. Agricultural activities generate only a tiny fraction of the state’s economic output and employ a comparable proportion of the total labour force. Nevertheless, the agriculture sector is an important component of both the state and national economies.
Grains are the primary crops of Victoria, with wheat leading in terms of tonnage and area under cultivation, followed by barley. The state also ranks high in the country in the production of oats. Assorted fruits, nuts, and vegetables constitute a significant segment of Victoria’s agricultural yield. Grape growing and wine production have expanded rapidly since the 1990s, and in the early 21st century Victoria was not only supplying wine to other states but also providing some one-sixth of the country’s wine exports.
Deregulation of the dairy industry in 2000, especially at the expense of small farmers in New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia, has intensified the move toward larger farms, agribusiness, and the consolidation of processing in a few large cooperative and multinational establishments. Although most of Victoria’s farming businesses remain family-owned, such consolidation has ultimately slowed the growth of country towns, particularly in East Gippsland, Colac-Otway, and south-central Victoria.