acrophobia
- Related Topics:
- phobia
acrophobia, intense fear of heights. Persons affected by acrophobia are intensely fearful and anxious when high off the ground, such as in elevated parking garages or on bridges, or when thinking about being high off the ground. Some persons with acrophobia experience a panic attack in triggering situations, and many affected individuals actively avoid such situations altogether.
Possible causes
The cause of acrophobia is unclear. The condition may have an underlying genetic component. For example, acrophobia may run in families; when a family member has acrophobia or an anxiety disorder, others in the family may experience similar fear and anxiety. Another possible cause of acrophobia is examined in navigation theory, which suggests that a person may perceive something as being higher than it actually is, triggering panic about a harmful fall; this misperception of height is thought to be a result of adaptation through natural selection. Ruminating on the potential pain that could result from falling may contribute to the development of the disorder. Acrophobia may also be linked to a traumatic experience involving heights. For example, a person who suffers a panic attack in a high place may develop acrophobia even if the height and panic attack were initially unrelated.
Symptoms
Symptoms of acrophobia are often physical and psychological in nature. Physical symptoms may include sweating, shaking or trembling, dizziness, light-headedness, tightness or pain in the chest, increased heart rate, or a feeling of sickness. Psychological symptoms may include feelings of panic and extreme fear and a desire to flee the situation. Affected individuals may experience an overwhelming sense of dread at the prospect of a negative outcome when being high off the ground, such as falling or being unable to get down.
The thought patterns and initial symptoms of acrophobia are similar to those of panic disorder. Individuals with panic disorder have a tendency to interpret normal bodily sensations as threatening. Likewise, a person with acrophobia interprets bodily sensations experienced at heights that are encountered on a day-to-day basis as potentially dangerous. Thus, the sensation of being up high is linked to negative thought patterns and possible bodily harm. A feedback loop is then established, with the trigger—being high off the ground—inducing anxiety, which then increases physical symptoms and negative thought patterns, which can increase anxiety. In this way, acrophobia can be understood as a cognitive disorder in which the mind interprets a situation as more threatening than it is in reality.
Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
Acrophobia typically is diagnosed by a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist. The provider asks about the individual’s personal history and symptoms and uses standards in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5; 2013), to make the diagnosis. The following symptoms usually must be present for a diagnosis of acrophobia: intense and unreasonable fear not in line with actual threat, anticipatory anxiety (dread of situations involving heights), avoidance of the situation, and interference with daily activities. For a diagnosis to be made, the patient must have symptoms for six months or longer.
There are a number of treatment modalities for acrophobia. Patients often are encouraged to slowly expose themselves to increased heights, using strategies to manage their fear at each stage. Eventually, patients unlearn the fear response. Providers also may use virtual reality to gradually desensitize patients to increasing heights. Computer software simulates the triggering environment, but patients do not feel as anxious as they would normally. Advantages of this therapy are that it can be stopped if the discomfort becomes too extreme and that it can be performed inexpensively in the home. Cognitive behaviour therapy can help reframe experiences and interrupt negative thought patterns related to heights. Medications, such as beta-blockers and benzodiazepines, also can be used to alleviate fear and anxiety responses.
The outlook for acrophobia is good, particularly for those who seek exposure therapy. However, less than 25 percent of persons who experience acrophobia undergo treatment. Although these individuals may successfully avoid their triggers, their avoidance behaviours may impact their ability to carry out daily activities. Untreated acrophobia can endanger affected individuals and others; for example, if an individual experiences a panic attack while driving across a bridge, a car accident may occur. Acrophobia puts sufferers at risk for generalized anxiety disorder and depression.
