Assorted References

• chemoreception
  • 
    In chemoreception: Terrestrial vertebrates

    …organ for habitat selection and mating, using the snout to make deliberate contact with the object being investigated. These animals have a narrow groove close to each nostril that connects the upper lip with the nostril. During nose tapping, fluid moves along the grooves by capillary action and is driven,…

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  • 
    In chemoreception: Sex-attractant pheromones

    …that is characteristic of the mating pattern of the species.

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  • 
    In chemoreception: Sex recognition

    …off onto the female during mating, and this changes her wax chemistry so that she is no longer attractive. Females of the vinegar fly, Drosophila, lose their attractiveness after mating by secreting wax with a different chemical profile.

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  • 
    In chemoreception: Individual recognition

    …different from their own; thus, mating tends to occur between individuals with different MHCs. In order to detect different MHCs, an individual must be aware that a potential partner has a distinct smell. In mice the odor of the family in which they are reared becomes imprinted early in development.…

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• communication
  • 
    In animal communication: Signal design rules

    …also serve to coordinate the mating act. The range of a courtship signal should be small not only because the sender and receiver are close but also because the mating couple does not want to attract interlopers or predators. Therefore, in most cases, sounds, movements, and scents are low in…

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• conservation and extinction factors
  • 
    In conservation: Mating systems

    Small populations suffer from inbreeding, an inevitable tendency of mating individuals in a small isolated population to be more closely related than they would be in a larger one. When population size is severely reduced, inbreeding may be the final insult that will…

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• courtship behaviour
  • 
    In courtship

    …animals, behaviour that results in mating and eventual reproduction. Courtship may be rather simple, involving a small number of chemical, visual, or auditory stimuli; or it may be a highly complex series of acts by two or more individuals, using several modes of communication.

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• display behaviour
  • In display behaviour

    Some mating displays evolve from food-giving behaviours; the male bobwhite quail gives a food call and offers a tidbit to his potential mate. In many birds the food-giving behaviour is completely ritualized and proceeds without any exchange of food; domestic cocks, for example, call and peck…

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• heredity and evolution
  • 
    In heredity: Nonrandom mating

    …engage in alternatives to random mating as normal parts of their cycle of sexual reproduction. An important exception is sexual selection, in which an individual chooses a mate on the basis of some aspect of the mate’s phenotype. The selection can be based on some display feature such as bright…

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• hypothalamic functions
  • 
    In human nervous system: Mating

    The total act of copulation is organized in the anterior part of the hypothalamus and the neighboring septal region. In the male, erection of the penis and the ejaculation of semen are organized in this area, which is adjacent to the area that controls…

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• major references
  • In reproductive behaviour

    activity directed toward perpetuation of a species. The enormous range of animal reproductive modes is matched by the variety of reproductive behaviour.

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  • In sex: Differentiation of the sexes

    …in pairs, nor is such mating practiced.

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  • In sex: Seasonal or periodic sexual cycles

    …this, the time of the mating season is clearly regulated, both with regard to the physiological condition of the animal and to the environmental conditions. The urge and capacity to mate depends on the ripeness of the gonads, male or female. In most animals, the reproductive glands wax and wane…

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• melatonin regulation
  • 
    In melatonin

    …acts as a breeding and mating cue, since it is produced in greater amounts in response to the longer nights of winter and less so during summer. Animals who time their mating or breeding to coincide with favorable seasons (such as spring) may depend on melatonin production as a kind…

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• sperm competition
  • In sperm competition

    …are best thought of as mating effort (that is, effort directed at increasing the number of offspring a male sires), because they are usually not available at the time of birth or hatching to benefit the offspring sired by the male presenting the gift. The male’s paternity and the number…

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animal behaviour

• 
  In animal behaviour: Sensory-motor mechanisms

  …when these fish defend their mating territories in the springtime against intrusions from rival male sticklebacks. The males differ from all other objects and forms of life in their environment in a special way: they possess an intensely red throat and belly, which serve as signals to females and other…

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• 
  In animal behaviour: Adaptive design

  …to study the diversity of mating systems, specifically among various species of African antelope. In some species, such as the dik-dik (Madoqua), individuals are solitary and cryptic; however, during mating season, they form conspicuous monogamous pairs. Others, such as the black wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), form enormous herds. During the breeding

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• 
  In animal behaviour: Character mapping

  …secondary sexual characteristics and female mating preferences in several taxa, such as Central American frogs (Physalaemus) and swordtail fishes (Xiphophorus). In the frogs, electrophysiological studies of present-day species indicate that females have identical auditory preferences regardless of the acoustic characteristics of the mating calls of the males. The most parsimonious…

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• 
  In human evolution: Learning from the apes

  …are fundamentally promiscuous, though such mating behaviour is heavily proscribed by the cultures into which individuals are born and reside. Indeed, theorists who wish to construct models of the emergence of hominin societies on the basis of extant ape societies seldom tackle the overriding fact that humans utilize a wide…

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• animal social behvaiour
  • 
    In animal social behaviour: The range of social behaviour in animals

    Mating behaviour in animals includes the signaling of intent to mate, the attraction of mates, courtship, copulation, postcopulatory behaviours that protect a male’s paternity, and parental behaviour. Parental behaviour ranges from none to vigilant care by both parents and even by additional group members. Biologists…

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  • 
    In animal social behaviour: Social interactions involving sex

    Mating behaviour describes the social interactions involved in joining gametes (that is, eggs and sperm) in the process of fertilization. In most marine organisms, planktonic gametes are shed (or broadcast) into the sea where they float on the tides and have a small but finite…

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  • 
    In animal social behaviour: Social interactions involving sex

    As a result, mating is not a simple cooperative endeavour. On the contrary, male and female interests often conflict each step of the way, from mating to allocation of parental effort. The end result of these conflicts has been an extraordinary diversity of sexual ornaments, sexual signals, genital…

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• cephalopod
  • 
    In cephalopod: Reproduction and life cycles

    …is highly modified and in mating is autotomized (self-amputated) and left within the mantle cavity of the female. In the squids a much larger section of the arm may be modified; often the suckers are degenerate and the distal half of the arm bears rows of slender papillae, although special…

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• dunnock
  • 
    In dunnock

    …noted for an exceptionally flexible mating and territorial system that reflects food density. They may be monogamous, polygamous, or polyandrous. Where food is plentiful, one male may overlap the territories of two or more females. When it is scarce, females have larger territories that overlap with two or more males.

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• malacostracan
  • 
    In malacostracan: Reproduction and life cycles

    Mating (copulation) is very brief, often completed in a few seconds and usually following the reproductive molt of the female, when her exoskeleton is still soft. The eggs are fertilized as they are extruded from the oviductal opening on the sternum of the sixth thoracic…

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• marine organisms
  • 
    In marine ecosystem: Migrations of marine organisms

    …to different habitats or find mates by swimming when visual predators find it hard to see them. In some cases only one sex will emerge at night, and often that sex is morphologically better suited for swimming.

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• mollusk
  • 
    In mollusk: Reproduction and life cycles

    …whereas in some cephalopod species mating or egg laying appears to be rapidly followed by death effected by hormones.

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• penguins
  • 
    In penguin: Reproduction

    …year and generally rejoins its mate of the previous year, unless the death of the latter forces it to choose another partner. This applies even to the emperor penguin, which is capable of finding its mate despite the absence of a nest and the large size of the colony.

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• tuataras
  • 
    In tuatara: Natural history

    …of the fairy prion, the mating season for the tuatara occurs. During this period, social interactions between tuatara increase. A male defends his territory by inflating his body, erecting the crest on his head and neck, and shaking his head. Close encounters between males result in a sequence of mouth-gaping…

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