Kenya African National Union (KANU), Kenyan political party. Organized in 1960, KANU was one of two major political parties formed in preparation for independence—the other party, the Kenya African Democratic Union, was ultimately absorbed by KANU after independence. Led by Jomo Kenyatta, the party

Jomo Kenyatta: Return to Kenya of Jomo Kenyatta: From the Kenya African Teachers College, which he directed as an alternative to government educational institutions, Kenyatta organized a mass nationalist party. But he had to produce tangible results in return for the allegiance of his followers, and the colonial government in Kenya was still dominated by…

flag of Kenya: …World War II was the Kenya African Union (KAU), the predecessor of the Kenya African National Union. The party’s original flag, introduced on September 3, 1951, was black and red with a central shield and arrow. In the following year the background was altered to three equal horizontal stripes of…

Stone Age: East Africa: …true blade technique, called the Kenya Capsian, together with the art of pottery making. More or less contemporary with the localities where the earliest pottery is found in East Africa, a series of sites has been discovered yielding typical microlithic assemblages and referable to the Kenya Wilton, also found in…

Stone Age: East Africa: …minute hand axes; and the Kenya Fauresmith, basically of Acheulean inspiration and very similar to the true Fauresmith of Southern Africa. Carefully shaped round stone balls, believed to have been used as bola weights in hunting, constitute part of the Fauresmith assemblage. In the post-Gamblian dry phase, microlithic tools appear…

Tom Mboya: …was general secretary of the Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL), an especially important post since no strictly political African national organizations were allowed in Kenya until 1960.

Kenya: Cultural institutions: The Kenya National Archives and Documentation Service in Nairobi, housed in a building that was originally the Bank of India, holds an increasing number of government and historical documents and also contains exhibits of arts and crafts and photographs. A national library service board has been…

Kenya: The arts: The Kenya National Theatre, a part of the Kenya Cultural Centre, is the country’s premier venue for drama. The affiliated National Theatre School (founded 1968) provides professional training for Kenyan playwrights and performers of traditional music and dance. Independent art facilities, such as the GoDown Arts…

Kenya: Kenyatta’s rule: …a new opposition party, the Kenya People’s Union (KPU), but his position was weakened by legislation that required elected officials who switched parties to resign their seats and run for reelection. By contrast, Kenyatta’s authority was strengthened because greater powers had been given to the office of president.

Stone Age: East Africa: …toolmaking traditions are found: the Kenya Stillbay, a Levalloisian derivative characterized by small- to medium-sized, bifacially flaked points or minute hand axes; and the Kenya Fauresmith, basically of Acheulean inspiration and very similar to the true Fauresmith of Southern Africa. Carefully shaped round stone balls, believed to have been used…

boutonneuse fever, a mild typhuslike fever caused by the bacterium Rickettsia conorii conorii and transmitted by the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The disease is endemic to the Mediterranean region. Similar forms of boutonneuse fever occur in Africa, India, and southern Europe but are caused

Kenya: Plant and animal life: …in the mid-1990s by the Kenya Wildlife Service. The plan has attempted to draw local communities into the management and distribution of the income derived from wild animals in the vicinity, thus making people more tolerant of the animals’ presence. The program has been somewhat successful, and, with community involvement,…

national flag consisting of horizontal stripes of black, red, and green separated by thinner stripes of white; in the centre are two crossed spears and a shield. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 2 to 3.From the 16th to the mid-20th century, Portugal, Oman, Britain, and Germany all

history of Kenya, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Kenya. The country, located in the eastern region of the African continent, is famed for its scenic landscapes and vast wildlife preserves, and its Indian Ocean coast has historically important ports, such as Mombasa, by

Mount Kenya, volcano, central Kenya, lying immediately south of the Equator. It is the second highest mountain in Africa after Kilimanjaro, which is located some 200 miles (320 km) to the south. The Mount Kenya area was added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1997. The base of the mountain lies at

Kenya, country in East Africa famed for its scenic landscapes and vast wildlife preserves. Its Indian Ocean coast provided historically important ports by which goods from Arabian and Asian traders have entered the continent for many centuries. Along that coast, which holds some of the finest

Kenyah, indigenous people of Sarawak and Indonesian Borneo, grouped with the Kayan or under the general name Bahau. In the late 20th century the Kenyah were reported to number 23,000. They live near river headwaters, in close association with the Kayan, with whose culture they have much in common

Kenya: The arts: Kenyan literature includes a large body of oral and written folklore, much of the latter collected by British anthropologists. During the colonial era, writers of European origin residing in Kenya, such as Elspeth Huxley (The Flame Trees of Thika, 1959) and Isak Dinesen (Out of…

hominin: >Kenyanthropus in Hominini. Some characteristics that have distinguished hominins from other primates, living and extinct, are their erect posture, bipedal locomotion, larger brains, and behavioral characteristics such as specialized tool use and, in some cases, communication through language.

Australopithecus: …additional species of early human, Kenyanthropus platyops (3.5 mya). The first undisputed evidence of the genus Homo—the genus that includes modern human beings—appears as early as 2.8 mya, and some of the characteristics of Homo resemble those of earlier species of Australopithecus; however, considerable debate surrounds the identity of the…

Louis Leakey: …team discovered the remains of Kenyapithecus, another link between apes and early man that lived about 14 million years ago.

Kenya: Daily life and social customs: …(recognizing Daniel arap Moi) and Kenyatta Day, both in October, honour two of the country’s presidents, while Madaraka (Swahili: Government) Day (June 1) celebrates Kenya’s attainment of self-governance in 1964.

Kenya: Health and welfare: Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi is the country’s chief referral and teaching institution, and there are also provincial and district hospitals. In rural areas, health centres and dispensaries offer diagnostic services, obstetric care, and outpatient treatment, although they often lack adequate facilities, trained personnel, and…

Jomo Kenyatta was an African statesman and nationalist, the first prime minister (1963–64) and then the first president (1964–78) of independent Kenya. Kenyatta was born as Kamau, son of Ngengi, at Ichaweri, southwest of Mount Kenya in the East African highlands. His father was a leader of a small

Uhuru Kenyatta is a Kenyan businessman and politician who held several government posts before serving as president of Kenya from 2013 to 2022. The son of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya’s first president, Uhuru was raised in a wealthy and politically powerful Kikuyu family. He attended St. Mary’s School in

Uhuru Kenyatta is a Kenyan businessman and politician who held several government posts before serving as president of Kenya from 2013 to 2022. The son of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya’s first president, Uhuru was raised in a wealthy and politically powerful Kikuyu family. He attended St. Mary’s School in

phonolite: Kenyite, from Mount Kenya, in east Africa, is rich in olivine. The phonolite of Olbrück, Ger., a rather popular local building stone, is said to contain about 15 percent nosean and 8 percent leucite. Phonolite trachytes occur on St. Helena and a number of other…

Kenyon College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Gambier, Ohio, U.S., about 40 miles (65 km) northeast of Columbus. It is a liberal arts college affiliated with the Episcopal church. Kenyon offers bachelor’s degree programs in the performing arts, social sciences,

Eric Bentley: …to Theatre Arts and the Kenyon Review in the United States. Bentley’s translations of Brecht and reviews of European theatre won him recognition and various grants in the United States. From 1952 to 1969 he taught at Columbia University. He was professor of theatre at the State University of New…

Dame Kathleen Kenyon was an English archaeologist who excavated Jericho to its Stone Age foundation and showed it to be the oldest known continuously occupied human settlement. After working (1929) with the British archaeologist Gertrude Caton-Thompson at the Zimbabwe ruins in Southern Rhodesia

Dame Kathleen Kenyon was an English archaeologist who excavated Jericho to its Stone Age foundation and showed it to be the oldest known continuously occupied human settlement. After working (1929) with the British archaeologist Gertrude Caton-Thompson at the Zimbabwe ruins in Southern Rhodesia

dictionary: Usage labels: …1948 by an American philologist, John S. Kenyon, when he discriminated between “cultural levels,” which refer to the degree of education and cultivation of a person, and “functional varieties,” which refer to the styles of speech suitable to particular situations. Thus, a cultivated person rightly uses informal or colloquial language…

Andrei Okounkov: …and his coauthor, American mathematician Richard Kenyon, discovered the remarkable result that the outline of any two-dimensional picture of the crystal is always an algebraic curve and so is defined by polynomial equations (equations of the form p(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ⋯ + anxn).

Ozaki Kōyō: …of friends, he formed the Kenyūsha, a magazine and literary association that exercised a major influence in the development of the Japanese novel for nearly 20 years. Through his study of Tokugawa period (1603–1867) literature, he led a revival of interest in the 17th-century writer Ihara Saikaku, whose sharp perceptions…

Ogata Kenzan was a Japanese potter and painter, brother to the artist Ogata Kōrin. He signed himself Kenzan, Shisui, Tōin, Shōkosai, Shuseidō, or Shinshō. Kenzan received a classical Chinese and Japanese education and pursued Zen Buddhism. At the age of 27 he began studying with the potter Ninsei

Nannerl Overholser Keohane is an American academician and administrator who gained particular prominence when she became the first woman president of Duke University in Durham, N.C. Keohane received an undergraduate degree from Wellesley (Massachusetts) College in 1961. She studied for the next two

Robert O. Keohane is an American political scientist, international-relations scholar, and educator. He is a leading figure within neoliberal institutionalism, an approach to international relations that emphasizes the use of international institutions by states to further their interests through

Robert O. Keohane is an American political scientist, international-relations scholar, and educator. He is a leading figure within neoliberal institutionalism, an approach to international relations that emphasizes the use of international institutions by states to further their interests through

Keokuk was a Sauk (Sac) Indian orator and politician who became chief by ceding Native American lands to win white support and by rallying opposition to his own tribe’s resistance leaders. Born of the Fox clan, Keokuk early exhibited physical prowess, keen intelligence, and a gift of persuasion. He

Keokuk, city, Lee county, extreme southeastern Iowa, U.S. It lies along the Mississippi River (bridged to Hamilton, Illinois) at the mouth of the Des Moines River, about 40 miles (65 km) southwest of Burlington. The first settler in the area, Samuel C. Muir, arrived in 1820, and a trading post was

Keoladeo Ghana National Park, wildlife sanctuary in eastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India, just south of the city of Bharatpur. It was founded in the late 19th century as a hunting preserve by Suraj Mal, the maharaja of Bharatpur princely state, and became a bird sanctuary in 1956. Declared a

Keoladeo Ghana National Park, wildlife sanctuary in eastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India, just south of the city of Bharatpur. It was founded in the late 19th century as a hunting preserve by Suraj Mal, the maharaja of Bharatpur princely state, and became a bird sanctuary in 1956. Declared a

Toronto Maple Leafs: …Bower, centre Red Kelly, centre Dave Keon, defenseman Tim Horton, left wing Frank Mahovlich, left wing Bob Pulford, and defenseman Allan Stanley) won three Stanley Cups in a row from 1961–62 to 1963–64 and one more during the 1966–67 season.

Kendujhar, town, northern Odisha (Orissa) state, eastern India. It is situated on an upland plateau bordered to the west and south by low hills. Kendujhar is a trade centre for the farm and forest products of the surrounding area. Hand-loom weaving is also important. The town contains an old raja’s

Kendujhar, town, northern Odisha (Orissa) state, eastern India. It is situated on an upland plateau bordered to the west and south by low hills. Kendujhar is a trade centre for the farm and forest products of the surrounding area. Hand-loom weaving is also important. The town contains an old raja’s

Kéa, westernmost of the Cyclades (Modern Greek: Kykládes) group of Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. It constitutes a dímos (municipality) in the South Aegean (Nótio Aigaío) periféreia (region). Kéa lies about 13 miles (21 km) east of the southern tip of Attica (Attikí). With an area of 50.4 square

Iao Valley: Kepaniwai Park and Heritage Gardens, near the valley entrance and Wailuku, has landscaped gardens representing Hawaii’s various cultures. Iao Stream is dammed there to provide wading and swimming pools.

Iao Valley: …feature commemorates the bloody 1790 battle of Kepaniwai (meaning “Dammed Stream,” referring to the blockage of the torrent by the bodies of Maui warriors), which added Maui to the kingdom of Kamehameha I.

Gyorgy Kepes was a Hungarian-born American painter, designer, photographer, teacher, and writer who had considerable influence on many areas of design. Shortly after his graduation in 1928 from the Royal Academy of Fine Art in Budapest, Kepes experimented with photograms, photographic prints made

ancient Iran: Manichaeism: …a large part of the Kephalaia, a collection of the religious injunctions of Mani, was recovered in a Coptic version found in Egypt. These texts can now be collated with the versions of Manichaean doctrines as reported by the Church Fathers, including St. Augustine. From this cumulative documentation, to which…

Appalachian Mountains: Study and exploration: It remained for Horace Kephart, a St. Louis, Missouri, librarian turned naturalist who came to the southern mountains in 1904, to bring the isolated and scenic region to national attention. From his writings grew the interest and impetus that led to the establishment of the Great Smoky Mountains…

John Banville: Fiction: Doctor Copernicus (1976), Kepler (1981), and The Newton Letter: An Interlude (1982) are fictional biographies based on the lives of noted scientists. These three works use scientific exploration as a metaphor to question perceptions of fiction and reality. Mefisto (1986) is written from the point of view of…

Kepler, U.S. satellite that detected extrasolar planets by watching—from orbit around the Sun—for a slight dimming during transits as these bodies passed in front of their stars. An important objective of Kepler’s mission was to determine the percentage of planets that are in or near their stars’

combinatorics: Packing and covering: Another famous problem was Kepler’s conjecture, which concerns the densest packing of spheres. If the spheres are packed in cannonball fashion—that is, in the way cannonballs are stacked to form a triangular pyramid, indefinitely extended—then they fill π/18, or about 0.74, of the space. In 1611 the German astronomer…

conic section: Post-Greek applications: …Johannes Kepler derived his first law of planetary motion: A planet travels in an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. Galileo Galilei published the first correct description of the path of projectiles—a parabola—in his Dialogues of the Two New Sciences (1638). In 1639 the French engineer Girard Desargues initiated…

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, in astronomy and classical physics, laws describing the motions of the planets in the solar system. They were derived by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, whose analysis of the observations of the 16th-century Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe enabled him to

Kepler’s Nova, one of the few supernovae (violent stellar explosions) known to have occurred in the Milky Way Galaxy. Jan Brunowski, Johannes Kepler’s assistant, first observed the phenomenon in October 1604; Kepler studied it until early 1606, when the supernova was no longer visible to the

Kepler’s second law of planetary motion, in astronomy and classical physics, one of three laws describing the motions of the planets in the solar system and which states that a radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time. The validity of Kepler’s

Kepler’s Nova, one of the few supernovae (violent stellar explosions) known to have occurred in the Milky Way Galaxy. Jan Brunowski, Johannes Kepler’s assistant, first observed the phenomenon in October 1604; Kepler studied it until early 1606, when the supernova was no longer visible to the

Kepler’s Nova, one of the few supernovae (violent stellar explosions) known to have occurred in the Milky Way Galaxy. Jan Brunowski, Johannes Kepler’s assistant, first observed the phenomenon in October 1604; Kepler studied it until early 1606, when the supernova was no longer visible to the

mechanics: Circular orbits: …case (for circular orbits) of Kepler’s third law, which is discussed in the article celestial mechanics. Using the fact that v = 2πr/T, where 2πr is the circumference of the orbit and T is the time to make a complete orbit (i.e., T is one year in the life of…

Johannes Kepler German astronomer who discovered three major laws of planetary motion, conventionally designated as follows: (1) the planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus; (2) the time necessary to traverse any arc of a planetary orbit is proportional to the area of the sector

Kepler-186f, the first Earth-sized extrasolar planet to be found within its star’s habitable zone—the orbital region where an Earth-like planet could possess liquid water on its surface and thus possibly support life. Kepler-186f was discovered in 2014 in data taken by the Kepler satellite before

extrasolar planet: Directions for future research: …the first Earth-sized extrasolar planets, Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f (with radii 0.87 and 1.03 times the radius of Earth, respectively). By the end of its mission in 2018, Kepler had discovered 2,741 planets, about two-thirds of all then known extrasolar planets. Thousands more candidate planets awaited confirmation.

extrasolar planet: Directions for future research: …Earth-sized extrasolar planets, Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f (with radii 0.87 and 1.03 times the radius of Earth, respectively). By the end of its mission in 2018, Kepler had discovered 2,741 planets, about two-thirds of all then known extrasolar planets. Thousands more candidate planets awaited confirmation.

Kepler: One of these, Kepler-22b, has a radius 2.4 times that of Earth and was the first planet found within the habitable zone of a star like the Sun. Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f were the first Earth-size planets to be found (their radii are 0.87 and 1.03 times the radius…

Kepler-452b, the first approximately Earth-sized planet to be found in a Sun-like star’s habitable zone—the orbital region where an Earth-like planet could possess liquid water on its surface and thus possibly support life. Kepler-452b was discovered in 2015, in data that the Kepler satellite had

Keplerian telescope, instrument for viewing distant objects, the basis for the modern refractive telescope, named after the great German astronomer Johannes Kepler. Its eyepiece, or ocular, is a convex (positive, or convergent) lens placed in back of the focus, the point at which the parallel light

Epicurus: The schools at Athens and elsewhere: …bought a house and, in the garden, established a school, which came to be known as Ho Kepos (The Garden). At this time in Athens, cultural life was dominated by the Academy of Plato and the Lyceum of Aristotle, both of which had passed into the hands of successors. These…

jazz: Field hollers and funeral processions: forming the matrix: and cornetists Bunk Johnson and Freddie Keppard—four of the most gifted early jazz musicians—arrived at similar conclusions before 1920.

Keppel Bay, inlet of the Pacific Ocean, indenting eastern Queensland, Australia. It is about 30 miles (48 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide and is protected from the sea by Curtis Island (east). The Keppel Islands lie in the northern section of the inlet near the mouth of the Fitzroy River.

Singapore: …gateways (Jurong port, Container Terminal, Keppel, Telok Ayer, Sembawang, and Pasir Panjang wharves) that provide facilities for vessels ranging from oceangoing liners to lighters. The Keppel wharves, which lie protected between the islands of Brani and Sentosa, are deepwater and contain major docks and warehouses. Keppel is Southeast Asia’s major…

Niuatoputapu, one of the northernmost islands of Tonga, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Of volcanic origin, the island has an area of 6 square miles (16 square km) and rises to 479 feet (146 metres). It is part of the Niuatoputapu, or Niuas, group of islands that also includes Niuafoʿou and

Augustus Keppel was an English admiral and politician whose career as a seagoing commander ended in a controversy of political origin during the American Revolution. A sailor from the age of 10, Keppel served actively throughout the Seven Years’ War (1756–63). In 1762 he served under Adm. Sir

Augustus Keppel was an English admiral and politician whose career as a seagoing commander ended in a controversy of political origin during the American Revolution. A sailor from the age of 10, Keppel served actively throughout the Seven Years’ War (1756–63). In 1762 he served under Adm. Sir

Joseph Keppler was an Austria-born American caricaturist and founder of Puck, the first successful humorous weekly in the United States. Keppler studied art in Vienna. Following the Revolution of 1848, his father emigrated to the United States and settled in Missouri, where Joseph joined him in

Riau Islands, propinsi (or provinsi; province), western Indonesia, that embraces some 2,000 islands in the South China Sea. The province includes, most notably, the Riau archipelago, to the south of Singapore; the Lingga archipelago, off the southeastern coast of the Indonesian province of Riau

Sawu Islands, island group in the Savu Sea, East Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Timur) provinsi (or propinsi; province), Indonesia. The island group includes Sabu (160 square miles [414 square km]), Raijua (14 square miles [36 square km]), and several islets located about 100 miles (160 km) west of

Spratly Islands, large group of reefs, shoals, atolls, and small islets in the South China Sea of the Pacific Ocean. They are located north of insular Malaysia and are roughly midway between Vietnam and the Philippines, and they are claimed—wholly or in part—by several countries in the region. The

Ker, in ancient Greek religion, a destructive spirit. Popular belief attributed death and illness to the action of impersonal powers, often spoken of in the plural (Keres). The word was also used of an individual’s doom, with a meaning resembling the notion of destiny, as when Zeus weighs the Keres

Ma Ying-jeou: …ruling in a case involving Ker Chien-ming, a member of the DPP. Wang was expelled from the party but subsequently reinstated amid widespread support. In addition, Ker sued Ma over a wiretapped conversation between the DPP politician and Wang.

William Brennan: In his dissents in Ker v. California and Lopez v. United States (both 1963), Brennan argued for the right to privacy as implicit in the Fourth Amendment (which prohibits unlawful search and seizure). His decision for the court in Baker v. Carr (1962), which established the principle of “one…

Jill Ker Conway was an Australian-born American scholar, the first woman president of Smith College (1975–85), whose research as a historian focused on the role of feminism in American history. Jill Ker grew up in Coorain, a remote grasslands locale where her parents ran a sheep ranch. After her

Robert Carr, earl of Somerset was a favourite of King James I of England from 1607 to 1615. His influence on governmental policy was slight, but he brought discredit on James’s court by his involvement in a scandal. Son of a Scottish nobleman, the handsome Carr first attracted James’s interest in

romance: Developing psychological awareness: As W.P. Ker, a pioneer in the study of medieval epic and romance, observed in his Epic and Romance (1897), the advent of romance is “something as momentous and as far-reaching as that to which the name Renaissance is generally applied.” The Old French poets who…

Kentucky: Education: …Kentucky General Assembly passed the Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA), a landmark piece of legislation that, most notably, provided for equal funding for all school districts based on enrollments. The goal was to achieve equitable educational opportunities for every Kentucky schoolchild. Beyond matters of finance, this act affected public education…

Al-Karak, town, west-central Jordan. It lies along the Wadi Al-Karak, 15 miles (24 km) east of the Dead Sea. Built on a small, steep-walled butte about 3,100 feet (950 metres) above sea level, the town is the Qir-hareseth, or Qir-heres, of the Bible and was one of the capitals of ancient Moab. Its

Kerala, southwestern coastal state of India. It is a small state, constituting only about 1 percent of the total area of the country. Kerala stretches for about 360 miles (580 km) along the Malabar Coast, varying in width from roughly 20 to 75 miles (30 to 120 km). It is bordered by the states of

Cochin Jews, Malayalam-speaking Jews from the Kochi (formerly Cochin) region of Kerala, located along the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. The Cochin Jews were known for their division into three castelike groups—the Paradesis (White Jews), the Malabaris (Black Jews), and the Meshuchrarim

Kerala Plains, narrow strip of coastland, southwestern India, fronting the Arabian Sea to the west and constituting almost all of Kerala state and most of the Malabar Coast. Narrow in the north and wide in the south, the plains are about 330 miles (530 km) long and from 12 to 60 miles (19 to 96 km)

Thiruvananthapuram: …is the site of the University of Kerala (1937) and its affiliated colleges and technical schools. It also has a museum, zoological gardens, an observatory, and an art gallery. A large fort contains several palaces and a temple dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, which is a noted pilgrimage centre.…

Cera dynasty, rulers of an ancient kingdom in what is now Kerala state, southwestern India. Cera was one of the three major kingdoms of southern India that constituted Tamilkam (territory of the Tamils) and was centred on the Malabar Coast and its hinterland. The other two dynasties were the

Togo: Plant and animal life: In the Keran Forest Reserve near Sansanné-Mango in the north, there are wild herds of buffalo, asses, warthogs, antelope, and deer. Numerous species of birds and insects are found in the country. Fish caught off the coast include mackerel, bass, seabream, red snapper, triggerfish, dorado, ray, and…

Kerang, town, northern Victoria, Australia, on the Loddon River. Its name derives from an Aboriginal term with several possible meanings, including “cockatoo,” “parasite,” “moon,” “edible root vegetable,” or “leaves of a tree.” Settled in 1857 and declared a shire in 1871, Kerang was made (1888)

Giresun, city and seaport, northeastern Turkey. It lies along the Black Sea about 110 miles (175 km) west of Trabzon. The older parts of the city lie on a peninsula crowned by a ruined Byzantine fortress, sheltering the small natural harbour. Nearby is Giresun Island, in ancient times called Ares.

keratin, fibrous structural protein of hair, nails, horn, hoofs, wool, feathers, and of the epithelial cells in the outermost layers of the skin. Keratin serves important structural and protective functions, particularly in the epithelium. Some keratins have also been found to regulate key cellular

melanocyte: …with a group of neighbouring keratinocytes (keratin-synthesizing epidermal cells) into which its dendrites transfer pigment. This structure is known as an epidermal melanocyte unit. The melanin produced by melanocytes is of two kinds: dark brown eumelanin and pale red or yellowish phaeomelanin. Both are formed within the melanocytes by the…

keratitis, inflammation of the cornea, the transparent domelike portion of the eyeball in front of the iris and pupil. There are several varieties of keratitis, which can be caused by either infectious or noninfectious processes. In many cases, however, changes in the cornea induced by

connective tissue disease: Sjögren syndrome: …dryness of the eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca); dryness of the mouth (xerostomia), often coupled with enlargement of the salivary glands; and rheumatoid arthritis. Sometimes the dryness of the eyes and mouth is associated with other connective tissue diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, dermatomyositis, or scleroderma, rather than…

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, an inflammation of the conjunctiva or the cornea of the eye in cattle as the result of an infection; early viral involvement is suspected. Moraxella bovis is usually found in discharge from the affected eye; other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus and