glove: The kid glove has retained supremacy as the aristocrat of gloves, but other kinds of leather are also utilized in modern glove manufacture, including capeskin, cabretta, pigskin, buckskin, reindeer skin, and lambskin, also called doeskin.

Fred Zinnemann: Films of the late 1930s and 1940s: …B-films for the studio were Kid Glove Killer (1942), a mystery that starred Van Heflin as a police chemist who solves a murder, and Eyes in the Night (also 1942), in which Edward Arnold played a blind detective. The Seventh Cross (1944) followed; a taut thriller, it featured Spencer Tracy…

shoe: Materials: Kid leather, made from goatskin, is used for women’s dress shoes and men’s slippers. Sheepskin is used in linings and slippers. Reptile leathers (alligator, lizard, and snake) are used in women’s and some men’s shoes. Cordovan (a small muscle layer obtained from horsehide) is a…

WMMS: …success of WMMS was deejay Kid Leo (Lawrence J. Travagliante), who ultimately became the station’s program director. By the time Kid Leo joined WMMS in 1973 (after graduating from Cleveland State University), the station had been rocking for five years. By 1976 he had helped take the station to the…

Octavia Spencer: …appeared in the domestic drama A Kid Like Jake and the comedy Instant Family (both 2018).

Roy Del Ruth: Middle years: …year he directed the popular Kid Millions (1934). The comedy musical starred Eddie Cantor as a Brooklynite who travels to Egypt to claim an inheritance and encounters a con artist (Ethel Merman) who is after his newfound wealth. Folies Bergère de Paris (1935) was a successful musical featuring Maurice Chevalier,…

Abe Reles was an American killer and gangster who became a celebrated police informer in 1940–41. The son of Austrian–Jewish immigrants, Reles stole his nickname of Kid Twist from a gangster idol and pursued a life of crime. By the age of 34 in 1940, he had been arrested 42 times (six times for

Patrick Stewart: …of legendary wizard Merlin in The Kid Who Would Be King (2019), a contemporary take on the Arthurian legend. Having used his perfect British diction to comedic effect in cartoon TV shows, he also lent his voice to the animated movies Gnomeo & Juliet (2011), Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012),…

Dardenne brothers: …Le Gamin au vélo (2011; The Kid with a Bike), the Dardennes focused on the poignant struggles of a boy abandoned by his father. The film won the Grand Prix at Cannes. Deux jours, une nuit (2014; Two Days, One Night) traces the efforts of a young woman (played by…

Sapphire: The Kid (2011)—told from the perspective of Precious’s son following his mother’s death from AIDS complications—received an even more-polarized reception. The novel’s blistering scenes of violence and sexual abuse were characterized by some commentators as brave reflections of a hidden reality, while others saw them…

The Kid, American silent film comedy-drama, released in 1921, that starred Charlie Chaplin in the first feature film with his popular “Little Tramp” character. It elevated Jackie Coogan to the status of the film industry’s first child superstar. A tramp (played by Chaplin) reluctantly rescues a

Ethan Hawke: Movies from 2019 included The Kid, wherein Hawke played a sheriff on the trail of a notorious outlaw. The following year he starred in Tesla, a biopic about the Serbian American inventor. He next created and starred in the TV miniseries The Good Lord Bird (2020), an adaptation of…

Southeast Asian arts: East Javanese period: 927–16th century: …mid-13th century was like is Candi Kidal. The nucleus of the building is a square cell, with slightly projecting porticoes each hooded by an enormous Kala-monster head. But the cell itself is dwarfed both by the massive molded plinth upon which it stands and by the huge tower with which…

Khitan, any member of a Mongol people that ruled Manchuria and part of North China from the 10th to the early 12th century under the Liao dynasty. See also

Kidd blood group system, classification of human blood based on the presence of glycoproteins known as Kidd (Jk) antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells. The Kidd glycoprotein functions to maintain the osmotic stability of red blood cells by acting as a transporter of urea. Antibodies that bind

sociology: Founding the discipline: …creative thinkers, including Herbert Spencer, Benjamin Kidd, Lewis H. Morgan, E.B. Tylor, and L.T. Hobhouse, developed analogies between human society and the biological organism. They introduced into sociological theory such biological concepts as variance, natural selection, and inheritance—asserting that these evolutionary factors resulted in the progress of societies from stages…

Jason Kidd is a professional basketball coach and a former player who is considered one of the greatest point guards in National Basketball Association (NBA) history. His ability to see the floor and pull off dazzling passes made him one of the sport’s brightest young stars when he entered the NBA

Jason Kidd is a professional basketball coach and a former player who is considered one of the greatest point guards in National Basketball Association (NBA) history. His ability to see the floor and pull off dazzling passes made him one of the sport’s brightest young stars when he entered the NBA

William Kidd was a 17th-century privateer and semilegendary pirate who became celebrated in English literature as one of the most colourful outlaws of all time. Fortune seekers have hunted his buried treasure in vain through succeeding centuries. Kidd’s early career is obscure. It is believed he

Alfred V. Kidder was the foremost American archaeologist of his day involved in the study of the southwestern United States and Mesoamerica, and the force behind the first comprehensive, systematic approach to North American archaeology. Kidder began his career of fieldwork in 1907, with studies in

Alfred V. Kidder was the foremost American archaeologist of his day involved in the study of the southwestern United States and Mesoamerica, and the force behind the first comprehensive, systematic approach to North American archaeology. Kidder began his career of fieldwork in 1907, with studies in

Superman: The modern era: Margot Kidder (as Lois Lane), Gene Hackman (as Lex Luthor), and Marlon Brando (as Jor-El) rounded out the cast, and the film’s rousing score earned composer John Williams an Academy Award nomination. A string of sequels followed, with most of the principal cast members reprising…

floor covering: Nomenclature and types: …the construction method, such as ingrain or Brussels.

Kidderminster, town, Wyre Forest district, administrative and historic county of Worcestershire, west-central England. It is situated along the River Stour and the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal. Recorded as Stour-in-Usmere in 736 ce, it was given to the comes (count) Cyneberght by King

Jim Carrey: …tragedy in the television series Kidding (2018–20). In 2020 Carrey returned to the big screen with the family comedy Sonic the Hedgehog, in which he played the villainous Dr. Ivo Robotnik. He reprised the role for the 2022 sequel.

Kiddush, Jewish benediction and prayer recited over a cup of wine immediately before the meal on the eve of the Sabbath or of a festival; the ceremony acknowledges the sanctity of the day that has just begun. Chanting, or recitation, usually performed by the head of the household, may involve

Kidinnu was a Babylonian astronomer who may have been responsible for what modern scholars call System B, a Babylonian theory that described the speed of the Moon’s motion around the zodiac as increasing gradually and then decreasing gradually in the course of a month, following a regular sawtooth

Kidepo Valley National Park, national park located in northeastern Uganda. The park, which was established in 1962, occupies an area of 540 square miles (1,399 square km) in wooded grasslands and mountainous scenery in the northeastern corner of the country. Its rivers, including the Kidepo river,

Alfred von Kiderlen-Wächter was a German statesman and foreign secretary remembered for his role in the Second Moroccan crisis (1911) before World War I. After service in the Franco-German War (1870–71), Kiderlen studied law and entered the Prussian diplomatic service (1879). He was an exponent of

Kidinnu was a Babylonian astronomer who may have been responsible for what modern scholars call System B, a Babylonian theory that described the speed of the Moon’s motion around the zodiac as increasing gradually and then decreasing gradually in the course of a month, following a regular sawtooth

ancient Iran: The Middle Elamite period: The Elamites under Kidin-Khutran, the second king after Untash-Gal, countered with a successful and devastating raid on Babylonia. In the end, however, Assyrian power seems to have been too great. Tukulti-Ninurta managed to expand, for a brief time, Assyrian control well to the south in Mesopotamia. Kidin-Khutran faded…

Kidinnu was a Babylonian astronomer who may have been responsible for what modern scholars call System B, a Babylonian theory that described the speed of the Moon’s motion around the zodiac as increasing gradually and then decreasing gradually in the course of a month, following a regular sawtooth

Angélique Kidjo is a Beninese popular singer known for her collaborations with internationally prominent popular musicians and for her innovative blending of diverse musical styles. Kidjo was born into a family of performing artists. Her father was a musician, and her mother worked as a

Nicole Kidman is an American-born Australian actress known for her considerable range and versatility as well as for her glamorous looks and cool demeanour. Kidman was born in Honolulu to Australian parents. She was raised in Sydney and launched her acting career as a teenager. She appeared in

Halle Berry: …thrillers The Call (2013) and Kidnap (2017), portraying an emergency call-centre operator attempting to thwart a serial killer and a mother whose son is abducted, respectively. She then appeared in the spy movie Kingsman: The Golden Circle and starred in Kings (both 2017), playing a foster parent living in Los…

Kidnapped, novel by Robert Louis Stevenson, first published in serial form in the magazine Young Folks in 1886. Kidnapped and its sequel, Catriona (1893; U.S. title, David Balfour), are both set in Scotland in the mid-1700s. After the death of his father, young David Balfour discovers that his

Freddie Bartholomew: …such as Anna Karenina (1935), Kidnapped (1938), Swiss Family Robinson (1940), and Tom Brown’s School Days (1940). At the peak of his short film career, he was the highest-paid child star after Shirley Temple. His fame and rising income brought out his long-absent parents, who filed an unsuccessful and expensive…

Robert Stevenson: Films for Disney: In 1960 Stevenson directed Kidnapped, a popular adaptation of the Robert Louis Stevenson novel; its top-notch cast included Peter Finch, Peter O’Toole, and James MacArthur. Next was The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), which was a huge success at the box office; it starred

kidnapping, criminal offense consisting of the unlawful taking and carrying away of a person by force or fraud or the unlawful seizure and detention of a person against his will. The principal motives for kidnapping are to subject the victim to some form of involuntary servitude, to expose him to

blackbirding: …of the 1870s—especially the 1872 Pacific Islanders Protection Act (the Kidnapping Act)—provided for agents on British recruiting vessels, stricter licensing procedures, and patrol of British-controlled islands; these measures reduced the incidence of blackbirding by British subjects. Because of the continuing heavy demand for labour in Queensland, however, the practice continued…

kidney, in vertebrates and some invertebrates, organ that maintains water balance and expels metabolic wastes. Primitive and embryonic kidneys consist of two series of specialized tubules that empty into two collecting ducts, the Wolffian ducts (see Wolffian duct). The more advanced kidney

bean: Common bean: …French bean, haricot bean, or kidney bean in various countries; in the United States, however, kidney bean refers to a specific type that is definitely kidney-shaped and is red, dark red, or white. Green beans, anasazi beans, navy beans, black beans, northern beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, and cannellini beans…

renal system: Quantitative tests: The renal clearance of any substance is the volume of plasma containing that amount of the substance that is removed by the kidney in unit time (e.g., in one minute). Clearance, or the volume of plasma cleared, is an artificial concept since no portion of the…

dialysis, in medicine, the process of removing blood from a patient whose kidney functioning is faulty, purifying that blood by dialysis, and returning it to the patient’s bloodstream. The artificial kidney, or hemodialyzer, is a machine that provides a means for removing certain undesirable

kidney failure, partial or complete loss of kidney function. Kidney failure is classified as acute (when the onset is sudden) or chronic. Acute kidney failure results in reduced output of urine, rapidly and abnormally increased levels of nitrogenous substances, potassium, sulfates, and phosphates

kidney function test, any clinical and laboratory procedure designed to evaluate various aspects of renal (kidney) capacity and efficiency and to aid in the diagnosis of kidney disorders. Such tests can be divided into several categories, which include (1) concentration and dilution tests, whereby

pregnancy: Urinary tract: …of the kidney, called the kidney pelvis, also becomes dilated. With this dilation of the kidney pelvis and the ureters there is also a loss of tonicity or contractility in the pelvis of the kidney and the ureters. This loss of tonicity during pregnancy is similar to that mentioned in…

renal system: General description and location: …the kidney known as the renal (kidney) sinus. The hilus is the point of entry and exit of the renal arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the enlarged upper extension of the ureters.

kidney stone, concretion of minerals and organic matter that forms in the kidneys. Such stones may become so large as to impair normal renal function. Urine contains many salts in solution, and if the concentration of mineral salts becomes excessive, the excess salt precipitates as crystals that

kidney transplant, replacement of a diseased or damaged kidney with a healthy one obtained either from a living relative or a recently deceased person. Kidney transplant is a treatment for persons who have chronic renal failure requiring dialysis. Although kidney transplants were carried out in the

renal system: Tubule function: The role of the tubules may be assessed by comparing the amounts of various substances in the filtrate and in the urine (Table 2).

kidney vetch, (Anthyllis vulneraria), perennial herb of the pea family (Fabaceae), found in meadows, alpine pastures, and dry places of Europe and northern Africa. It was formerly used as a remedy for kidney disorders but is now frequently cultivated in rock gardens. Kidney vetch is a low hairy

Ch’ŏndogyo: …on God, offer prayers (kido) upon leaving and entering their homes, dispel harmful thoughts (e.g., of greed and lust), and worship God in church on Sundays.

Kido Takayoshi was one of the heroes of the Meiji Restoration, the overthrow of the 264-year rule by the Tokugawa family and return of power to the Japanese emperor. After the imperial restoration of 1868, Kido became one of the most effective officials in the new government. Born into an

Kido Takayoshi was one of the heroes of the Meiji Restoration, the overthrow of the 264-year rule by the Tokugawa family and return of power to the Japanese emperor. After the imperial restoration of 1868, Kido became one of the most effective officials in the new government. Born into an

Larry Clark: …work to filmmaking by directing Kids (1995), a fictionalized account of teenagers involved in a skateboarding and nightclub culture in New York City, which was critically acclaimed, though the film’s powerful and candid portrayal of teenage sexuality and drug abuse made it controversial. Clark went on to make other films,…

Annette Bening: Career: …role opposite Julianne Moore in The Kids Are All Right (2010), a dramedy about a married lesbian couple whose two children seek out their birth father.

Halle Bailey: Career: …their first full-length studio album, The Kids Are Alright, which features the songs “Grown,” the theme song for Grown-ish, and “Warrior,” which appears on the soundtrack of the fantasy adventure film A Wrinkle in Time (2018). The duo wrote all of the songs on The Kids Are Alright and garnered…

Robert Kidston was an English paleobotanist, noted for his discoveries and descriptions of plant fossils from the Devonian Period (about 416 million to 359 million years ago). Kidston studied botany at the University of Edinburgh, and in 1880 he became honorary paleobotanist to the British

Stanley Ketchel was an American professional boxer, considered by some boxing historians to be the greatest fighter in the history of the middleweight division. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Upon the death of his parents, Ketchel left Michigan and began riding boxcars to the

Red Hot Chili Peppers: The original members were vocalist Anthony Kiedis (b. November 1, 1962, Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.), bassist Flea (original name Michael Balzary; b. October 16, 1962, Melbourne, Australia), guitarist Hillel Slovak (b. April 13, 1962, Haifa, Israel—d. June 25, 1988, Los Angeles, California, U.S.), and drummer Jack Irons (b. July 18,…

Anselm Kiefer is a German painter who became one of the most prominent figures in the Neo-Expressionist art movement of the late 20th century. Kiefer abandoned his law studies at the University of Freiburg in 1966 to pursue art. He subsequently studied at art academies in Freiburg, Karlsruhe, and

Kęstutis was the grand duke of Lithuania (1381–82) who defended his country’s western borders against the Teutonic Knights. Kęstutis was one of the seven sons of Gediminas, the grand duke of Lithuania (reigned 1316–41), who had built that nation into a powerful east European empire. Kęstutis fought

Kiel, city, capital (1945) of Schleswig-Holstein Land (state), northern Germany. Kiel is a port on both sides of the Kiel Fjord, an inlet of the western Baltic Sea, and lies at the eastern end of the Kiel Canal. The name Kyle (meaning “fjord,” or “spring,” possibly derived from the Anglo-Saxon

Kiel Canal, important waterway in northern Germany, extending eastward for 98 km (61 miles) to connect the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The canal constitutes the safest, most convenient, shortest, and cheapest shipping route between the two seas. It runs from Brunsbüttelkoog (on the North Sea, at

World War I: The end of the German war: …with a sailors’ mutiny at Kiel on October 29 in reaction to the naval command’s order for the High Seas Fleet to go out into the North Sea for a conclusive battle. Though the U-boat crews remained loyal, the mutiny of the surface-ship crews spread to other units of the…

Kiel Sun-chu was a Presbyterian minister who was one of the most prominent leaders of the early Korean Christian Church. Prior to his conversion to Christianity in 1897, Kiel had been a follower of Son (Zen) Buddhism. He was a member of the first graduation class of the newly founded Presbyterian

Treaty of Kiel, (Jan. 14, 1814), the peace treaty ending the hostilities between Denmark and Sweden during the Napoleonic Wars. By the treaty, Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden, thus ending the union initiated in 1380 and further reducing Denmark’s status as a Baltic and European power. By the

kielbasa, sausage of Polish origin traditionally often made of pork. In the version most readily available in North American markets, it is smoked. In Polish, kiełbasa is the generic word for “sausage,” and it is a staple of the national cuisine. Adjectives are added to describe varieties, as in

Kielce, city, capital of Świętokrzyskie województwo (province), southeastern Poland, lying in the Świętokrzyskie (“Holy Cross”) Mountains. Kielce is located on the Warsaw-Kraków rail line and is a major industrial centre that has metallurgical, machine-making, building materials, and

Tynedale: The dam at Kielder Reservoir was built on the North Tyne to supplement water flow to industries along the Tyne and by pipeline to the Rivers Wear and Tees; the reservoir is a major recreational resource in the area.

Alexander Lange Kielland was a novelist, short-story writer, and dramatist, one of the “big four” (with Henrik Ibsen, B.M. Bjørnson, and Jonas Lie) of 19th-century Norwegian literature. The scion of an aristocratic family, Kielland took a law degree in 1871 and purchased a brickyard, which he

Summer Night: …in 1886 by Norwegian artist Kitty Lange Kielland. In the collection of Norway’s National Museum of Art, Architecture, and Design, this painting is regarded by many as Kielland’s masterpiece.

Greenland: History of Greenland: …funds and was replaced by Kim Kielsen. When the parliamentary opposition engineered a snap election at the end of November, Kielsen led Siumut to the polls, where it captured about 34 percent of the vote, compared with about 33 percent for the chief opposition party, Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA). Both parties…

Olympic Games: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S., 1904: Thomas Kiely of Ireland, who paid his own fare to the Games rather than compete under the British flag, won the gold medal in an early version of the decathlon. Kiely and his competitors performed the 100-yard sprint, shot put, high jump, 880-yard walk, hammer…

Edward Kienholz was an American self-taught sculptor known for his elaborate found-object assemblages, which convey a harsh scrutiny of American society. Kienholz grew up in a working-class family on a farm in Washington state and learned auto repair, carpentry, and metalwork skills that served his

Edward Kienholz: …collaborated with his fifth wife, Nancy Reddin. In 1973 he and his wife began splitting their time between Berlin, where they set up a studio, and Hope, Idaho, where in 1977 they established the Faith and Charity in Hope Gallery. In 1981 he declared in writing in an exhibition catalog…

Vladimir Lenin: Challenges of the Revolution of 1905 and World War I: …anti-war conferences in Zimmerwald and Kienthal, Switzerland. Lenin failed at both meetings to persuade his comrades to adopt his slogan: “transform the imperialist war into civil war!” They adopted instead the more moderate formula: “An immediate peace without annexations or indemnities and the right of the peoples to self-determination.” Lenin…

Nicholas Ray was an American motion-picture writer and director whose reputation as one of the most expressive and distinctive filmmakers of the late 1940s and the ’50s is grounded on a clutch of stylish heartfelt films that frequently focused on alienated outcasts, including They Live by Night

Saint Ciaran of Clonmacnoise ; feast day September 9) was an abbot who was one of the most illustrious founders of monasticism in Ireland. With Saints Columba and Brendan, Ciaran was educated by Abbot St. Finnian at the celebrated Monastery of Clonard. From there he went to the island of Aranmore,

KieranTimberlake, American architecture firm based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that became known for projects emphasizing sustainability, energy efficiency, and the reuse and conservation of existing structures and materials. The firm was founded in 1984 by Stephen Kieran and James Timberlake,

Søren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher, theologian, and cultural critic who was a major influence on existentialism and Protestant theology in the 20th century. He attacked the literary, philosophical, and ecclesiastical establishments of his day for misrepresenting the highest task of human

Søren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher, theologian, and cultural critic who was a major influence on existentialism and Protestant theology in the 20th century. He attacked the literary, philosophical, and ecclesiastical establishments of his day for misrepresenting the highest task of human

diatomaceous earth, light-coloured, porous, and friable sedimentary rock that is composed of the siliceous shells of diatoms, unicellular aquatic plants of microscopic size. It occurs in earthy beds that somewhat resemble chalk, but it is much lighter than chalk and will not effervesce in acid.

kieserite, a sulfate mineral, hydrated magnesium sulfate (MgSO4·H2O), that is abundant in evaporite deposits. It often occurs as intergrowths with halite or associated with carnallite and other potassium salts. Sites of occurrence include Stassfurt, Ger.; Ozinki, Russia; western Texas; and New

Kurt Georg Kiesinger was a conservative politician and chancellor (1966–69) of the Federal Republic of Germany whose “grand coalition” brought the Social Democratic Party (SPD) into the government for the first time since 1930. Kiesinger was educated at Berlin and Tübingen, after which he began to

Frederick John Kiesler was an Austrian-born American architect, sculptor, and stage designer, best known for his “Endless House,” a womblike, free-form structure. After study at the Technical Academy and the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Kiesler worked on a slum clearance and rebuilding project

Hedy Lamarr was an Austrian-born American film star who was often typecast as a provocative femme fatale. Years after her screen career ended, she achieved recognition as a noted inventor of a radio communications device. The daughter of a prosperous Viennese banker, Lamarr was privately tutored

Krzysztof Kieślowski was a leading Polish director of documentaries, feature films, and television films of the 1970s, ’80s, and ’90s that explore the social and moral themes of contemporary times. Kieślowski studied theatre technology in Warsaw, and in 1968 he graduated from the State Theatrical

Kieta, town, southeast coast of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. The former administrative centre of Bougainville Island, it is situated on Arawa Bay (Rawa Harbour) and is a port of call with a long wharf for coastal and Australian shipping. The town trades chiefly

Dynamo Kiev, Ukrainian professional football (soccer) team located in Kiev. Dynamo Kiev was one of the strongest teams in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) and is the dominant team in the Ukrainian league. In 1923 a system of sports and physical education clubs and

Kyiv, chief city and capital of Ukraine. A port on the Dnieper (Dnipro) River and a large railroad junction, it is a city with an ancient and proud history. As the centre of Kyivan (Kievan) Rus, the first eastern Slavic state, 1,000 years ago, it acquired the title “Mother of Rus Cities.” It was

Eastern Orthodoxy: Origin of the Muscovite patriarchate: …the modern period, the famous Academy of Kiev. Modelled after the Latin seminaries of Poland, with instruction given in Latin, this school served as the theological training centre for almost the entire Russian high clergy in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1686 Ukraine was finally reunited with Muscovy, and…

The Russian Primary Chronicle, medieval Kievan Rus historical work that gives a detailed account of the early history of the eastern Slavs to the second decade of the 12th century. The chronicle, compiled in Kiev about 1113, was based on materials taken from Byzantine chronicles, west and south

Kyiv: Kyiv under the tsars: …University of Kyiv (now the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv), which had been established in 1834.

Kyiv: Kyiv under the tsars: …University of Kyiv (now the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv), which had been established in 1834.

Kievan Rus, first East Slavic state. It reached its peak in the early to mid-11th century. Both the origin of the Kievan state and that of the name Rus, which came to be applied to it, remain matters of debate among historians. According to the traditional account presented in The Russian Primary

Anthony of Kiev: …for the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (Monastery of the Caves), an institution that later acquired a reputation as the cradle of Russian monasticism. Reverting to his Athonite training, he sent to Constantinople (modern Istanbul) for architects to construct the new monastery complex at the mountain.

Russian literature: The Kievan period: The Kievo-Pechersky paterik (The Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery), closely related to hagiography, collects stories from the lives of monks, along with other religious writings. A saint’s life of quite a different sort, Zhitiye Aleksandra Nevskogo (“Life of Alexandr Nevsky”) (d. 1263), celebrates a pious warrior prince.…

Daniel Of Kiev was the earliest known Russian travel writer, whose account of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land is the earliest surviving record in Russian of such a trip. As the abbot of a Russian monastery, he visited Palestine probably during 1106–07. His narrative begins at Constantinople; from