coal: Coal rock types: Coals may be classified on the basis of their macroscopic appearance (generally referred to as coal rock type, lithotype, or kohlentype). Four main types are recognized:

industrial relations: Paternalism: …towns in the 1930s, to Kohler, Wis., in the 1950s. Whatever grievances workers have had in these situations, it is clear that economic issues do not offer a complete explanation of the bitterness of the disputes, in part because any grievance a resident may have is seen to be the…

Köhler effect, phenomenon that occurs when a person works harder as a member of a group than when working alone. There are many tasks in which a bad performance by a single member can ensure a bad group performance; social psychologists refer to them as conjunctive group tasks. For example, a

microscope: The illumination system: …objective, a system known as Köhler illumination. The advantage of the latter approach is that nonuniformities in the source are averaged in the imaging process. To obtain optimal use of the microscope, it is important that the light from the source both covers the object and fills the entrance aperture…

Georges J.F. Köhler was a German immunologist who in 1984, with César Milstein and Niels K. Jerne, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work in developing a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies—pure, uniform, and highly sensitive protein molecules used in diagnosing

Horst Köhler is a German economist and politician who served as managing director of the International Monetary Fund (2000–04) and as president of Germany (2004–10). Köhler’s parents were ethnic Germans who had been forced to move from Romania to Poland. During World War II, shortly after Köhler

Ilse Koch was the German wife of a commandant (1937–41) of Buchenwald concentration camp, notorious for her perversion and cruelty. On May 29, 1937, she married Karl Otto Koch, a colonel in the SS who was commander of the Sachsenhausen camp. In the summer of 1937 he was transferred to Buchenwald,

Josef Kohler was a German jurist who made a significant contribution to the philosophy of law and helped to advance the study of the comparative history of law. Kohler was educated at the universities of Heidelberg and Freiberg and became a doctor of laws in 1873. A year later he was appointed

Kaufmann Kohler was a German-American rabbi, and one of the most influential theologians of Reform Judaism in the United States. Although his upbringing and early schooling were Orthodox, Kohler was strongly affected by the teachings of Abraham Geiger, one of the most prominent German leaders of

Oswin Köhler was a German linguist and ethnologist specializing in African languages and culture. In 1962 Köhler was appointed to the first professorship of African studies at the University of Cologne, where he founded an institute with a broad linguistic, historical, and cultural anthropological

Oswin Köhler was a German linguist and ethnologist specializing in African languages and culture. In 1962 Köhler was appointed to the first professorship of African studies at the University of Cologne, where he founded an institute with a broad linguistic, historical, and cultural anthropological

Köhler effect: Discovery: …by the German industrial psychologist Otto Köhler in the 1920s. He asked members of a Berlin rowing club to perform a difficult task: to do standing curls with a heavy weight—97 pounds (44 kg)—until they were so exhausted that they could not go on. Sometimes they did this alone, and…

Thomas Köhler is a German luger who at the 1964 Winter Games in Innsbruck, Austria, won the first Olympic luge competition. He was one of the most successful lugers in the history of the sport, winning two Olympic titles and three world championships in his career. Köhler began training for the

Wolfgang Köhler was a German psychologist and a key figure in the development of Gestalt psychology, which seeks to understand learning, perception, and other components of mental life as structured wholes. Köhler’s doctoral thesis with Carl Stumpf at the University of Berlin (1909) was an

Hans Kohlhase was a German merchant turned brigand who spent the later 1530s in a feud with Saxony, causing considerable disruption until he was captured and executed. While Kohlhase was on his way to the Leipzig fair in 1532, two of his horses were confiscated by a Saxon nobleman. Unable to obtain

F.C. Kohli was an Indian businessman and engineer who was a pioneer of that country’s information technology industry. After obtaining bachelor’s degrees in English and applied mathematics and physics from Punjab University, Lahore, India [now in Pakistan], Kohli received a bachelor’s in electrical

F.C. Kohli was an Indian businessman and engineer who was a pioneer of that country’s information technology industry. After obtaining bachelor’s degrees in English and applied mathematics and physics from Punjab University, Lahore, India [now in Pakistan], Kohli received a bachelor’s in electrical

Virat Kohli is an Indian international cricketer considered by many as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of the game. Kohli plays for (and previously captained) the Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) in the Indian Premier League (IPL). He is also a former captain of the Indian cricket team

kohlrabi, (Brassica oleracea, variety gongylodes), form of cabbage, of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), grown for its edible enlarged stem. Kohlrabi is best harvested for food when this enlargement is 5–6 cm (2–2.5 inches) in diameter; the flesh is similar to that of the turnip but is sweeter and

Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch was a German physicist who investigated the properties of electrolytes (substances that conduct electricity in solutions by transfer of ions) and contributed to the understanding of their behaviour. Kohlrausch was a professor of physics at the universities of

parallax: Indirect measurement: In 1914 Walter Adams and Arnold Kohlschütter established the spectroscopic differences between giant and dwarf stars of the same spectral type and laid the foundation for the determination of spectroscopic parallaxes. These differences, depending upon the intrinsic brightness of the star, allow an estimate of its absolute magnitude, and the…

Kohlu, agency, a special tribal area attached to Balochistān province, Pakistan. The agency is located in a semi-arid mountainous region; the ranges rise in a series of terraces west of the Sulaimān Range. The vegetation is mostly thorny scrub, including acacia trees. The bulk of the population

Shanghai World Financial Center: …the American architectural firm of Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates of New York City, it has 101 stories and reaches a height of 1,614 feet (492 metres). The building opened in 2008 after a construction period of 11 years. At the time of its completion, it was the second highest building…

André Kertész was a Hungarian-born American photographer known for his lyrical and formally rigorous pictures of everyday life. One of the most inventive photographers of the 20th century, Kertész set the standard for the use of the handheld camera, created a highly autobiographical body of work,

Fritz Kortner was a famous stage and film actor of the 1920s German avant-garde who, after his return from exile in 1949, revitalized German theatre with his innovative concepts in staging and direction. He was known particularly for his unconventional interpretations of the classics. Kortner

Walter Kohn was an Austrian-born American physicist who, with John A. Pople, received the 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The award recognized their individual work on computations in quantum chemistry. Kohn’s share of the prize acknowledged his development of the density-functional theory, which

Bahnaric languages: South Bahnaric languages, such as Sre (Koho)—which has approximately 100,000 speakers—are spoken in southern Vietnam and southeastern Cambodia.

South Asian arts: Tovil dance: …picturesque and important are the kohomba kankariya (or “ritual of the god Kohomba”), performed to ensure prosperity and to rout pestilence, and the bali, danced to propitiate the heavenly beings.

Kohtla-Järve, city, Estonia, near the Gulf of Finland. Founded in 1900 and incorporated in 1946, it lies on the Tallinn–St. Petersburg road and railway. Its principal industry is the processing of oil shales based on local deposits; shale-gas pipelines were constructed to Leningrad (now St.

Alexander Kohut was a Hungarian-born American rabbi and scholar who wrote a monumental Talmudic lexicon and helped found the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. In 1865 Kohut assumed his first rabbinical pulpit, the beginning of a lifelong career as a rabbi. Excelling in Hungarian language and

narcissism: Origins: …those of the Austrian psychoanalysts Heinz Kohut and Otto Kernberg, posit that adult narcissism has its roots in early childhood experiences. Both Kohut and Kernberg focus on disturbances in early social (parental) relationships as the genesis of adult narcissistic personality disorder. Also, both view narcissism at its core as a…

koi, (Cyprinus carpio), any of more than 100 ornamental varieties of carp that are best known for their colourful body patterning and are kept as pets in indoor and outdoor freshwater ponds throughout the world. Koi were raised initially as food fishes in China and Japan. However, they also serve

Korea: The Three Kingdoms: …ce), for Baekje by King Koi (reigned 234–286), and for Silla by King Naemul (reigned 356–402).

koi, (Cyprinus carpio), any of more than 100 ornamental varieties of carp that are best known for their colourful body patterning and are kept as pets in indoor and outdoor freshwater ponds throughout the world. Koi were raised initially as food fishes in China and Japan. However, they also serve

diplomatics: The Roman and Byzantine empire: …a new department under the koiaistor (a high palace official), while the secretaries had all come under the office of the protoasekretis (head of the secretaries). An official called the mystikos handled the emperor’s secret correspondence. In preparing edicts or other laws, the koiaistor, after consulting the emperor, made a…

Namib: Drainage: …from the seepage of the Koichab, a stream that terminates in the dunes. Only the Cunene (Kunene) and Orange rivers flow permanently on the surface. Other streams have surface flow only after heavy rainfall in the interior plateaus; they normally flow for no more than a few days in several…

Koidu–New Sembehun, town, east-central Sierra Leone, adjacent to Sefadu. It is a trade centre for rice, palm oil and kernels, and cattle (from Guinea). Much of the town’s development is attributed to its location in the diamond-mining area leased by the Sierra Leone Selection Trust. After Koidu was

Shinzo Abe: Second term and Abenomics: …governor and former LDP member Yuriko Koike.

Aligarh, city, western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies at the southern edge of the Upper Ganges-Yamuna Doab, about 65 miles (100 km) southeast of Delhi and some 25 miles (40 km) southwest of the Ganges (Ganga) River. The city itself is usually called Koil or Kol; Aligarh is the name of

koine, originally, a contact variety of the Greek language that was spoken throughout the eastern Mediterranean region during the Hellenic and Roman empires. The term comes from the Greek koine (“common” or “shared”), although the variety was based chiefly on the Attic Greek dialect. A compromise

Koine, the fairly uniform Hellenistic Greek spoken and written from the 4th century bc until the time of the Byzantine emperor Justinian (mid-6th century ad) in Greece, Macedonia, and the parts of Africa and the Middle East that had come under the influence or control of Greeks or of Hellenized

Demotic Greek language: …form a single unified language, Standard Modern Greek (Greek: Koini Neoelliniki).

Metéora: …from the 14th century, when Athanasios Koinovitis, a monk from Mount Athos, ascended the plathy lithos (“broad rock”) and built the first structures of the Great Metéoron. The Serbian king then in control of Thessaly granted the monastery religious privileges. In 1388 the king’s son and the hermit Ioasaf, a…

Girija Prasad Koirala was an Indian-born Nepalese politician who served four times as the prime minister of Nepal (1991–94, 1998–99, 2000–01, 2006–08). Koirala was a member of the most prominent political family in Nepal. His older brothers both served as prime minister: Matrika Prasad Koirala in

Sushil Koirala was a Nepali politician and government official, who served as the prime minister of Nepal in 2014–15. Koirala was a member of one of Nepal’s most prominent political families. Three of his relatives—Matrika Prasad Koirala, Bishweshwar Prasad (B.P.) Koirala, and Girija Prasad

Koishikawa Botanical Garden, botanical garden and arboretum maintained by the University of Tokyo. It has some 4,000 different plant species under cultivation on its 40-acre (16-hectare) site in Tokyo. Among its most notable outdoor collections are camellias, cherries, maples, Japanese primroses,

Koishikawa Botanical Garden, botanical garden and arboretum maintained by the University of Tokyo. It has some 4,000 different plant species under cultivation on its 40-acre (16-hectare) site in Tokyo. Among its most notable outdoor collections are camellias, cherries, maples, Japanese primroses,

Koiso Kuniaki was a Japanese army general and prime minister during the final phase of World War II. Koiso graduated from the Army Academy in 1900 at the top of his class, attended the Army War College, and served on active duty during the Russo-Japanese War. In 1930 he became chief of the Bureau

Finland: The postwar period: …succeeded by the Social Democrat Mauno Koivisto, who was reelected in 1988. Koivisto was in turn succeeded in 1994 by another Social Democrat, Martti Ahtisaari.

Koizumi Junichiro is a third-generation Japanese politician, who was the prime minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006. Both Koizumi’s father and grandfather served in the Diet (parliament). He graduated with a degree in economics from Keio University, Tokyo, in 1967 and then attended the London School

Koizumi Junichiro is a third-generation Japanese politician, who was the prime minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006. Both Koizumi’s father and grandfather served in the Diet (parliament). He graduated with a degree in economics from Keio University, Tokyo, in 1967 and then attended the London School

Lafcadio Hearn was a writer, translator, and teacher who introduced the culture and literature of Japan to the West. Hearn grew up in Dublin. After a brief and spasmodic education in England and France, he immigrated to the United States at 19. He settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, working at various

Korçë: …in 1484 the local lord, Koja Mirahor İlyas Bey, a Muslim convert active in the Ottoman siege of Constantinople (1453; now Istanbul), returned to the site and built the mosque that bears his name. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries Korçë was a centre of commerce and trade. The…

continental philosophy: French Nietzscheanism: …1930s, the Russian émigré philosopher Alexandre Kojève (1902–68) held a series of seminars on Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit that were attended by the most eminent figures in French intellectual society. Kojève’s idiosyncratic reading of Hegel probably had a greater impact on novelists and poets than on philosophers, though it did…

sake: …preparation of steamed rice and koji (Aspergillus oryzae), a fungus that converts the rice starch to fermentable sugars. The koji is mixed with water and fresh steamed rice, traditionally by hand, and is wrapped in a blanket and incubated to form a sweet crumbly dry material. This is then placed…

Kojiki, (Japanese: “Records of Ancient Matters”), together with the Nihon shoki (q.v.), the first written record in Japan, part of which is considered a sacred text of the Shintō religion. The Kojiki text was compiled from oral tradition in 712. The Kojiki is an important source book for

Kojiki, (Japanese: “Records of Ancient Matters”), together with the Nihon shoki (q.v.), the first written record in Japan, part of which is considered a sacred text of the Shintō religion. The Kojiki text was compiled from oral tradition in 712. The Kojiki is an important source book for

Ōe Kenzaburō: …finest novel, Kojinteki-na taiken (1964; A Personal Matter), a darkly humorous account of a new father’s struggle to accept the birth of his brain-damaged child. A visit to Hiroshima resulted in the work Hiroshima nōto (1965; Hiroshima Notes), which deals with the survivors of the atomic bombing of that city.…

Japanese music: Composers in Western styles: …is Kojo no tsuki (The Ruined Castle), written in 1901 by Taki Rentarō after his training in Germany. In its piano-accompanied version it recalls the style of Franz Schubert, but as sung in the streets it sounds Japanese. Yamada Kōsaku was training in Germany when the Meiji era ended…

Gojong was the 26th monarch of the Joseon (Yi) dynasty and the last to effectively rule Korea. Gojong became king of Korea while still a young boy. During the first years of his reign, power was in the hands of his father, Daewon-gun, who as regent attempted to restore and revitalize the country.

Adam Kok III was a chief who led the people of the Griqua nation from their home in the Orange Free State (now part of South Africa) to found a new nation, Griqualand East, on the east coast of what is now South Africa. He considered himself an independent ally of the British, but colonial

Kök Turki alphabet, writing system used by Turkic-speaking peoples in Central Asia from the 6th to the 8th century ad. It is sometimes called Kök Turki runes because of the resemblance of its letter forms to those of the (Germanic) runic alphabet. The script occurred in two forms, monumental and

Aral Sea: Physiographic changes: … funded the construction of the Kok-Aral Dam (completed 2005) and projects along the Syr Darya that appeared to be preserving the northern portion of the sea. However, the southern portion—both the eastern and western lobes but most notably the eastern—continued to shrink, despite some inflow of water from the north.…

kokako, (species Callaeas cinerea), New Zealand songbird of the family Callaeidae (order Passeriformes). The kokako is 45 cm (17.5 inches) long and has a gray body, black mask, and blue or orange wattles at the corners of the mouth. Surviving in a few mountain forests, the kokako lives mainly on

Kalachuri dynasty: Central India: …into clearer focus only with Kokalla I (reigned c. 850–885). The period between Kokalla I and Kokalla II (reigned c. 990–1015) is marked by a consolidation of Kalachuri power and by their relations with contemporary dynasties. The success attributed to Kokalla I against the Pratiharas, the Kalachuris of Uttar Pradesh,…

Shiba Kōkan was a Japanese artist and scholar of the Tokugawa period who introduced many aspects of Western culture to Japan. He was a pioneer in Western-style oil painting and was the first Japanese to produce a copperplate etching. Kōkan studied painting first with a teacher of the Kanō school,

Kokand, city, eastern Uzbekistan. It lies in the western Fergana Valley, at road and rail junctions from Tashkent to the valley. The ancient town of Khavakend occupied the site from at least the 10th century and was situated on the caravan route from India and China. In the 13th century it was

Tashkent: …before being annexed by the khanate of Kokand in 1809. When it was captured by the Russians in 1865, it was a walled city of some 70,000 inhabitants and already a leading centre of trade with Russia. In 1867 it was made the administrative centre of the new governorate-general of…

sockeye salmon: The kokanee (O. nerka kennerlyi) is a small nonmigratory freshwater form of sockeye. See also salmon.

Kökshetaū, city, northern Kazakhstan. It lies along the southern edge of the Esil (Ishim) Steppe. Kökshetaü was founded in 1824 as an administrative outpost when the Russians extended their control over the Kazaks. It became a district administrative centre in 1868 and a regional centre in 1944,

Kökshetaū, city, northern Kazakhstan. It lies along the southern edge of the Esil (Ishim) Steppe. Kökshetaü was founded in 1824 as an administrative outpost when the Russians extended their control over the Kazaks. It became a district administrative centre in 1868 and a regional centre in 1944,

Kaikei: Together with his father, Kōkei, and his brother Unkei, he made statues for the temples of Kōfuku and Tōdai in Nara, the ancient capital of Japan. Kaikei’s style, while sharing the direct and realistic manner typical of the time, was noted for its gentleness and grace in contrast to…

Kokemäen River, river in southwestern Finland. Its source is Lake Pyhä, from which it flows southwest and then northwest for about 90 miles (145 km) to enter the Gulf of Bothnia, near Pori. It is dammed for hydroelectric

Kokemäen River, river in southwestern Finland. Its source is Lake Pyhä, from which it flows southwest and then northwest for about 90 miles (145 km) to enter the Gulf of Bothnia, near Pori. It is dammed for hydroelectric

Kōken was the last empress to rule Japan until the 17th century; she twice occupied the throne (749–758; 764–770). There had been a number of female rulers before Kōken, but the power achieved by the Buddhist monk Dōkyō during her second reign caused the Council of Ministers to preclude female

cryptology: The impact of modern electronics: …similar to rotors is the Fibonacci generator (also called the Koken generator after its inventor), named for the Fibonacci sequence of number theory. In the classical Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13…each successive term, beginning with 2, is the sum of the two terms to its left;…

Kōken was the last empress to rule Japan until the 17th century; she twice occupied the throne (749–758; 764–770). There had been a number of female rulers before Kōken, but the power achieved by the Buddhist monk Dōkyō during her second reign caused the Council of Ministers to preclude female

Bar Kokhba was a Jewish leader who led a bitter but unsuccessful revolt (132–135 ce) against Roman dominion in Judaea. During his tour of the Eastern Empire in 131, the Roman emperor Hadrian decided upon a policy of Hellenization to integrate the Jews into the empire. Circumcision was proscribed, a

Kohtla-Järve, city, Estonia, near the Gulf of Finland. Founded in 1900 and incorporated in 1946, it lies on the Tallinn–St. Petersburg road and railway. Its principal industry is the processing of oil shales based on local deposits; shale-gas pipelines were constructed to Leningrad (now St.

Kokinshū, the first anthology of Japanese poetry compiled upon Imperial order, by poet Ki Tsurayuki and others in 905. It was the first major literary work written in the kana writing system. The Kokinshū comprises 1,111 poems, many of them anonymous, divided into 20 books arranged by topic. These

Kokinshū, the first anthology of Japanese poetry compiled upon Imperial order, by poet Ki Tsurayuki and others in 905. It was the first major literary work written in the kana writing system. The Kokinshū comprises 1,111 poems, many of them anonymous, divided into 20 books arranged by topic. These

Kokinshū, the first anthology of Japanese poetry compiled upon Imperial order, by poet Ki Tsurayuki and others in 905. It was the first major literary work written in the kana writing system. The Kokinshū comprises 1,111 poems, many of them anonymous, divided into 20 books arranged by topic. These

Canadian literature: The cosmopolitan culture of French Canada and Quebec: …a Negro]); from Brazil, novelist Sergio Kokis (Le Pavillon des miroirs [1994; Funhouse]); from Egypt, poet Anne-Marie Alonzo (Bleus de mine [1985; Lead Blues]); from Lebanon, playwright and novelist Abla Farhoud (Le Bonheur a la queue glissante [1998; “Happiness Has a Slippery Tail”]); and from France, novelist and theorist Régine…

State Shintō, nationalistic official religion of Japan from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 through World War II. It focused on ceremonies of the imperial household and public Shintō shrines. State Shintō was founded on the ancient precedent of saisei itchi, the unity of religion and government.

Diet, the national legislature of Japan. Under the Meiji Constitution of 1889, the Imperial Diet was established on the basis of two houses with coequal powers. The upper house, the House of Peers (Kizokuin), was almost wholly appointive. Initially, its membership was slightly less than 300, but it

Mount Pentelicus: …northeast of Athens (Athína), is Kokkinarás (3,632 feet [1,107 m]), which yields white Pentelic marble on its north slope. In Classical times the peak had 25 quarries on the south slope at elevations between 2,500 and 3,300 feet (760 and 1000 m). These provided excellent marble for most of the…

Koko, town and port, Delta state, southern Nigeria. It lies along the Benin River, in the western Niger River delta. A collecting point for palm oil and kernels as well as timber, it can be reached by vessels of 14-foot (4-metre) draft that navigate the 50-mile (80-kilometre) distance upstream to

Koko Head: …metres) near Kawaihoa Point, and Koko Crater (Hawaii’s tallest tuff ring), which rises to 1,207 feet (368 metres). According to legend, Koko Crater was formed when Pele, the goddess of fires and volcanoes, was chased by Kamapuaa, the pig god. The crater contains a 60-acre (24-hectare) botanical garden. The cape’s…

Koko Head, cape and landmark, Honolulu county, on the southeastern coast of Oahu island, Hawaii, U.S. It lies across from Diamond Head 9 miles (14 km) east on Maunalua Bay. Formed by secondary volcanic eruptions of the Koolau Range more than 10,000 years ago, the cape (whose name means “blood” or

Koko Head: These include Koko Head Crater, at an elevation of 642 feet (196 metres) near Kawaihoa Point, and Koko Crater (Hawaii’s tallest tuff ring), which rises to 1,207 feet (368 metres). According to legend, Koko Crater was formed when Pele, the goddess of fires and volcanoes, was chased…

Koko Nor, lake, Qinghai province, west-central China. The largest mountain lake without a river outlet in Central Asia, it is located in a depression of the Qilian Mountains, its surface at an elevation of about 10,500 feet (3,200 metres) above sea level. The length of the lake approaches 65 miles

history of publishing: Continental Europe and other countries: …shogunate sympathizers, they included the Kōko shimbun, whose publisher, the dramatist and educator Fukuchi Gen’ichirō, had studied Western newspapers on his official travels abroad for the Japanese government (and who was later, in 1874, to preside over the Nichi-Nichi shimbun, a paper that was closer to Western newspapers in style).…

Kokoda Track Campaign, series of military operations fought between Australian and Japanese troops in New Guinea during World War II. At its closest point to mainland Australia, New Guinea is less than 100 miles (160 km) away, and it became apparent in the early days of the Pacific War that the

Kokoda Track Campaign, series of military operations fought between Australian and Japanese troops in New Guinea during World War II. At its closest point to mainland Australia, New Guinea is less than 100 miles (160 km) away, and it became apparent in the early days of the Pacific War that the

Kokomo, city, seat (1844) of Howard county, north-central Indiana, U.S., on Wildcat Creek, 52 miles (84 km) north of Indianapolis. In 1844 David Foster, a trader, laid out the village of Kokomo (named for a Miami chieftain) on part of the reservation once held by Chief La Fontaine. The settlement’s

East Asian mathematics: The elaboration of Chinese methods: Sawaguchi Kazuyuki’s Kokon sanpoki (1671; “Ancient and Modern Mathematics”) pointed out that “erroneous” problems could have more than one solution (in other words, equations could have more than one root), but he left unanswered difficult problems involving simultaneous equations of the nth degree. Equations for their solution…

Japanese literature: The novel between 1905 and 1941: His best-known novel, Kokoro (1914; “The Heart”; Eng. trans. Kokoro), revolves around another familiar situation in his novels, two men in love with the same woman. His last novel, Meian (1916; Light and Darkness), though unfinished, has been acclaimed by some as his masterpiece.

Oceanic art and architecture: The Solomon Islands: …Buka-Bougainville two-dimensional art is the kokorra, a silhouette of a squatting or standing human figure with upraised hands and the male mitrelike coiffure. This figure—or the head alone—was painted and carved in bas-relief upon a great variety of objects, including canoes, paddles, slit gongs, dance clubs, and architectural elements.

Oskar Kokoschka was an Austrian painter and writer who was one of the leading exponents of Expressionism. In his early portraits, gesture intensifies the psychological penetration of character; especially powerful among his later works are allegories of the artist’s emphatic humanism. His dramas,

Western architecture: Kievan Rus and Russia: There the kokoshniki were introduced in the treatment of the roof. This element, similar in outline to the popular Russian bochka roof (pointed on top, with the sides forming a continuous double curve, concave above and convex below), foreshadowed a tendency to replace the forms of the…