integument: Claws, nails, and hooves: …covering a ventral plate (subunguis), the whole capping the bony tip of a digit. Nails—found only in mammals—consist of a broad and flattened unguis, with the subunguis reduced to a vestige under the outer tip. Hooves, the characteristic feature of the hoofed mammals, or ungulates, are exaggerated nails, with…

vaccine: Vaccine types: …type of vaccine is a subunit vaccine, which is made from proteins found on the surface of infectious agents. Vaccines for influenza and hepatitis B are of that type. When toxins, the metabolic by-products of infectious organisms, are inactivated to form toxoids, they can be used to stimulate immunity against…

United States: New factors in municipal development: Many suburbs and subdivisions arose with single-family homes on lots larger than had been possible for the ordinary householder in the city. These communities were almost totally dependent on the highway for the flow of commuters, goods, and services, and many were located in splendid isolation,…

bus: Modern buses: The suburban bus is designed for short intercity runs and has high-back seats, luggage compartments and racks, and a single, front entrance.

Elisabeth Moss: …in the Hulk Hogan vehicle Suburban Commando. Three years later she was cast in her first major movie, Imaginary Crimes, playing the younger daughter of a con man (Harvey Keitel). Moss continued to appear on television. She played Baby Louise in the TV movie Gypsy (1993), a biography of burlesque…

John Claudius Loudon: …and published his widely read The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion, which set the style for the smaller gardens kept by England’s expanding middle class.

urban sprawl, the rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns, often characterized by low-density residential housing, single-use zoning, and increased reliance on the private automobile for transportation. Urban sprawl is caused in part by the need to accommodate a rising urban

modernization: New patterns of urban life: …practical saturation point, leads to suburbanization, the desire to live in neighbourhoods with green spaces and at least a breath of country air. As the suburbs fill up, the more prosperous citizens become exurban: they colonize the villages and small towns of the countryside within commuting distance of their work…

Coen brothers: …Clooney for the dark comedy Suburbicon (2017).

Randolph Stow: His final novel, The Suburbs of Hell (1984), deals with murder in a small English town.

Arcade Fire: Arcade Fire’s third album, The Suburbs (2010), departed from the elegiac sound of its predecessor, incorporating synthesizers and New Wave dance beats into a meditation on the cyclical nature of life. Despite the fact that the band continued to lack the marketing support of a major record label, the…

Anastasius IV was the pope from July 1153 to December 1154. As cardinal bishop of Sabina, he had staunchly supported Pope Innocent II in 1130, serving as his vicar in Rome during the contest with the antipope Anacletus II. Crowned in the Lateran Palace in Rome, the old pope spent lavishly for its

Ghana: Series of coups: In July 1972 a retroactive Subversion Decree was enacted under which military courts were empowered to impose the death penalty for offenses such as subversive political activity, robbery, theft, and damaging public property, and, from 1973, for the spreading of rumours and profiteering. The military regime was clearly failing to…

Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: …a provision of the 1950 Subversive Activities Control Act that denied the issuance of passports to communists, was won in 1964, and she promptly secured a passport in order to visit the Soviet Union. When she died that year, she was given a state funeral in Red Square.

Taviani brothers: I sovversivi (1967; The Subversives) mixes documentary footage with a fictional story about the death of a leader and the end of an era for the Italian Left.

igneous rock: Classification of volcanic and hypabyssal rocks: Owing to the aphanitic texture of volcanic and hypabyssal rocks, their modes cannot be readily determined; consequently, a chemical classification is widely accepted and employed by most petrologists. One popular scheme is based on the use of both chemical components and normative mineralogy.…

Subway is a restaurant chain specializing in made-to-order “submarine” sandwiches—split Italian rolls filled with your choice of sliced meats, cheeses, vegetables, and condiments. The sandwich maker is based in Milford, Connecticut, and serves more than 37,000 franchise locations in nearly 100

subway, underground railway system used to transport large numbers of passengers within urban and suburban areas. Subways are usually built under city streets for ease of construction, but they may take shortcuts and sometimes must pass under rivers. Outlying sections of a system usually emerge

loudspeaker: …systems there are separate “subwoofers” and “supertweeters” to reproduce the extremities of the audible spectrum.

Martin Amis: …career included Dead Babies (1974), Success (1978), Other People (1981), The Information (1995), and Night Train (1997).

inheritance, the devolution of property on an heir or heirs upon the death of the owner. The term inheritance also designates the property itself. In modern society, the process is regulated in minute detail by law. In the civil law of the continental European pattern, the pertinent branch is

Succession, American comedy-drama television series created by British writer and producer Jesse Armstrong that aired on HBO from 2018 to 2023. The series focuses on the Roy family, whose aging patriarch, Logan Roy, owns the entertainment and media conglomerate Waystar Royco, one of the last

ecological succession, the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time. Two different types of succession—primary and secondary—have been distinguished. Primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas—regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life

ancient Iran: The Middle Elamite period: …period the old system of succession to, and distribution of, power appears to have broken down. Increasingly, son succeeded father, and less is heard of divided authority within a federated system. This probably reflects an effort to increase the central authority at Susa in order to conduct effective military campaigns…

vegetable farming: Soil preparation and management: It differs from succession cropping in that rotation cropping covers a period of two, three, or more years, while in succession cropping two or more crops are grown on the same land in one year. In many regions vegetable crops are grown in rotation with other farm crops.…

biblical literature: The expansion of the Davidic Empire: …1 and 2, the so-called Succession History, or the Family History of David, which, according to many scholars, forms the oldest section of historiography in Scripture—contains accounts of the domestic problems of David’s reign. Though he showed generosity to Mephibosheth, the sole surviving son of the house of Saul, he…

Saint John Fisher: In March 1534 the Act of Succession declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine void and that with Anne Boleyn valid. On the following April 13 Fisher and Sir Thomas More jointly refused to take the oath required by the Act on the grounds that, while willing to accept the succession…

probate, in Anglo-American law, the judicial proceedings by which it is determined whether or not a paper purporting to be the last will of a deceased person is the legally valid last will. What appears to be a valid will may not be so: it may have been forged, not executed in the way required by

Salic Law of Succession, the rule by which, in certain sovereign dynasties, persons descended from a previous sovereign only through a woman were excluded from succession to the throne. Gradually formulated in France, the rule takes its name from the code of the Salian Franks, the Lex Salica (Salic

Charles-Émile Picard: Picard successfully revived the method of successive approximations to prove the existence of solutions to differential equations. He also created a theory of linear differential equations, analogous to the Galois theory of algebraic equations. His studies of harmonic vibrations, coupled with the contributions of Hermann Schwarz of Germany and…

painting: Colour: Chevreul’s second law, of successive contrast, referred to the optical sensation that a complementary colour halo appears gradually to surround an intense hue. This complementary glow is superimposed on surrounding weaker colours, a gray becoming greenish when juxtaposed with red, reddish in close relationship with green, yellowish against violet,…

metabolism: Regeneration of oxaloacetate: …FAD; the reaction, catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase [44], results in the formation of fumarate and reduced FAD.

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Succineacea A problematic group including amber snails (Succineidae), which inhabit swamps and damp areas, and peculiar slugs from the South Pacific (Athoracophoridae). Superfamily Arionacea A group possessing marginal teeth of radula with squarish basal plates and 1 to several cusps; small

gastropod: Classification: Succineacea A problematic group including amber snails (Succineidae), which inhabit swamps and damp areas, and peculiar slugs from the South Pacific (Athoracophoridae). Superfamily Arionacea A group possessing marginal teeth of radula with squarish basal plates and 1 to several cusps; small litter or tree snails mainly in Southern Hemisphere (Endodontidae);

succinic acid, a dicarboxylic acid of molecular formula C4H6O4 that is widely distributed in almost all plant and animal tissues and that plays a significant role in intermediary metabolism. It is a colourless crystalline solid, soluble in water, with a melting point of 185–187° C (365–369° F).

carboxylic acid: Polycarboxylic acids: …a water molecule to produce succinic anhydride. Glutaric acid, with five carbon atoms, behaves similarly to yield glutaric anhydride. These reactions produce five- and six-membered rings, respectively, which are in general the easiest ring sizes to produce. Because adipic (six carbons) and longer-chain dicarboxylic acids would give rings of seven…

metabolism: Fragmentation of fatty acyl coenzyme A molecules: …molecule undergoes a rearrangement, forming succinyl coenzyme A, which is an intermediate of the TCA cycle.

drug: Drugs that affect skeletal muscle: Succinylcholine has an action on the end plate similar to that of acetylcholine. When given systemically, it causes a sustained end-plate depolarization, which first stimulates muscle fibres throughout the body, causing generalized muscle twitching. Within a few seconds, however, the maintained depolarization causes the muscle…

Dipsacales: Dipsacus clade: Devil’s bit (Succisa pratensis), a blue-flowered perennial, grows wild in European meadows. Its leaves are entire or slightly lobed and oval to narrow in shape.

Sukkot, Jewish autumn festival of double thanksgiving that begins on the 15th day of Tishri (in September or October), five days after Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. It is one of the three Pilgrim Festivals of the Hebrew Bible. The Bible refers to ḥag ha-asif (“Feast of the Ingathering,” Exodus

Sukkot, Jewish autumn festival of double thanksgiving that begins on the 15th day of Tishri (in September or October), five days after Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. It is one of the three Pilgrim Festivals of the Hebrew Bible. The Bible refers to ḥag ha-asif (“Feast of the Ingathering,” Exodus

Al-Ismāʿīliyyah: …identify the site with biblical Succoth, the Israelites’ first halt in the exodus from Egypt (Exodus 12:37). The canal itself follows the course of an ancient Red Sea–Nile canal, first built by the Saite pharaoh Necho II (610–595 bce). Area 557 square miles (1,442 square km). Pop. (2006) 942,832.

Sukkot, Jewish autumn festival of double thanksgiving that begins on the 15th day of Tishri (in September or October), five days after Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. It is one of the three Pilgrim Festivals of the Hebrew Bible. The Bible refers to ḥag ha-asif (“Feast of the Ingathering,” Exodus

succubus, female form of an incubus

succulent, any plant with thick fleshy tissues adapted to water storage. Some succulents (e.g., cacti) store water only in the stem and have no leaves or very small leaves, whereas others (e.g., agaves) store water mainly in the leaves. Most succulents have deep or broad root systems and are native

intestinal juice, clear to pale yellow, watery secretion composed of hormones, digestive enzymes, mucus, and neutralizing substances released from the glands and mucous-membrane lining of the small and large intestines. Intestinal juice neutralizes hydrochloric acid coming from the stomach;

Suceava, judeƫ (county), northeastern Romania, and bounded on the north by Ukraine. The Eastern Carpathian Mountains and the sub-Carpathians occupy the western two-thirds of the county, and the Suceava Plateau lies in the east. The Siret River flows southeastward, marking the county’s eastern

Suceava, city, capital of Suceava judeƫ (county), northeastern Romania. Founded on a terrace above the right bank of the Suceava River before the 14th century, it was the capital of Moldavia from 1388 until 1564, when the capital was moved to Iaşi. During the reign of Stephen (Ştefan) the Great in

Sucellus, powerful and widely worshiped Celtic god; his iconographic symbols were usually his mallet and libation saucer, indicative of his powers of protection and provision. His Irish equivalent seems to have been the Dagda. Sucellus was possibly one of the Gaulish gods who were equated by Julius

Sucellus, powerful and widely worshiped Celtic god; his iconographic symbols were usually his mallet and libation saucer, indicative of his powers of protection and provision. His Irish equivalent seems to have been the Dagda. Sucellus was possibly one of the Gaulish gods who were equated by Julius

Francisco Madero: …immensely successful book by Madero, La sucesión presidencial en 1910 (1908; “The Presidential Succession in 1910”), in which he called for honest elections, mass participation in the political process, and no reelection to the office of president. The political scene became even more hectic when Díaz changed his mind in…

Rohinton Mistry: Mistry’s debut novel, Such a Long Journey (1991; film version, 1998), is an intricate tale of the triumphs and disasters of a kindhearted bank clerk’s friends and family set in India in 1971, a time of domestic turbulence and war with Pakistan. The book received the Governor-General’s Award,…

Tracy K. Smith: Her fifth collection, Such Color (2021), features a selection of earlier poems as well as new ones, several of which confront historical and present-day racism in the United States.

Australian literature: Nationalism and expansion: …wrote a large complex novel, Such Is Life (1903), describing the rural world of the 1880s. It overflows with details of station life, the conversations of bullock drivers, nationalistic sentiments, and philosophical meditations about chance and determinism.

Alanis Morissette: …focus; and the simmering, introspective Such Pretty Forks in the Road (2020).

George Orwell: Early life: …his posthumously published autobiographical essay, Such, Such Were the Joys (1953).

Partizansk, city, Primorsky kray (territory), far eastern Russia. It lies in the valley of the Partizanskaya River. It was formed in 1932 by the amalgamation of mining settlements that developed near mine shafts in a bituminous coal basin. A thermal power station serving the region is located in

Indian philosophy: Principal texts and relation to Shabara: …wrote was commented upon by Sucharita Mishra in his Kashika (“The Shining”), by Someshvara Bhatta in his Nyayasudha (“The Nectar of Logic”), and by Parthasarathi Mishra in Nyayaratnakara (“The Abode of Jewels of Logic”). Parthasarathi’s Shastradipika (“Light on the Scripture”) is a famous independent Mimamsa treatise belonging to Kumarila’s school.

Thai literature: …writer, artist, and prolific editor Suchart Sawatsi set up the groundbreaking literary journal Lok nangsu’ (1977–83; “Book World”), which, with its eclectic combination of articles, interviews, reviews, short stories, and poems, covering both the Thai and international literary world, provided a real and challenging focus for all who aspired to…

Sühbaatar, town, northern Mongolia, situated about 160 miles (260 km) north-northwest of the capital Ulaanbaatar at the confluence of the Orhon and Selenga rivers. Sühbaatar was founded in 1940 at the head of navigation on the Selenga. The town is named after the Mongolian revolutionary leader

Damascus: Character of the city: …In 1350 a European traveler, Ludolph van Suchem, wrote of the city as “begirt with gardens and orchards and watered in and out by waters, rivers, brooks, and fountains cunningly arranged to minister to men’s luxury.” While the accelerated and often disordered growth of the city since World War II…

Hercule Poirot: …an exquisite touch by actor David Suchet in the television series Agatha Christie: Poirot (1989−2013). Suchet was also featured as Poirot in video games. John Malkovich played Poirot in a 2018 television miniseries, and Kenneth Branagh starred as Poirot in several movies that he also directed, including Murder on the…

Louis-Gabriel Suchet, duke d’Albufera da Valencia was a marshal of France, one of the most brilliant of Napoleon’s generals, most notably as commander of the Aragon armies in the Peninsular War. The son of a Lyon silk manufacturer, Suchet originally had intended to follow his father’s business;

Bhumibol Adulyadej: …Thai government and army chief Suchinda Kraprayoon assumed the prime ministership, mass protests again ensued and again were met with violence. Bhumibol intervened, summoning Suchinda and opposition leader Chamlong Srimuang to a televised meeting, during which the king called for the violence to end. Suchinda subsequently resigned, and a caretaker…

Hanna Suchocka was a Polish politician who served as the first woman prime minister of Poland (1992–93). The daughter of a pharmacist, Suchocka specialized in constitutional law at the University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań, from which she graduated in 1968. She lectured in law there and at the

Paul Sereno: …bizarre new species of theropod, Suchomimus tenerensis, an 11-metre (36-foot) member of the spinosaur family that fed mainly on fish. Suchomimus sported a narrow skull with hooked teeth for grasping prey as well as a half-metre sail on its back. During a 2000 expedition to Niger, Sereno and his team…

Sebek, in ancient Egyptian religion, crocodile god whose chief sanctuary in Fayyūm province included a live sacred crocodile, Petsuchos (Greek: “He Who Belongs to Suchos”), in whom the god was believed to be incarnate. Sebek may have been an early fertility god or associated with death and burial

Xuzhou, city, northwestern Jiangsu sheng (province), eastern China. It is located in a gap in the southern portion of the Shandong Hills that constitutes a southwestern extension of the North China Plain. Through this gap flows the Feihuang River (in a former riverbed of the Huang He [Yellow

Chinese languages: Suzhou: Suzhou vernacular is usually quoted as representative of the Wu languages. It is rich in initial consonants, with a contrast of voiced and voiceless stops as well as palatalized and nonpalatalized dental affricates, making 26 consonants in all. (Palatalized sounds are formed from nonpalatal…

Meyer Lansky was one of the most powerful and richest of U.S. crime syndicate chiefs and bankers. He had major interests in gambling, especially in Florida, pre-Castro Cuba, Las Vegas, and the Bahamas. A Polish Jew born in the Russian Pale of Settlement, Lansky immigrated with his parents to New

sucker, (family Catostomidae), any of the freshwater fishes constituting the family Catostomidae, similar to and closely related to the carp and minnows (Cyprinidae). There are about 80 to 100 species of suckers. Except for a few species in Asia, all are North American. Many suckers are almost

tree: Tree height growth: These are called root suckers; the process is called suckering.

octopus: Description: …bears two rows of fleshy suckers that are capable of great holding power. The arms are joined at their bases by a web of tissue known as the skirt, at the centre of which lies the mouth. The latter organ has a pair of sharp horny beaks and a filelike…

Zack Snyder: Career: …the dark fantasy action film Sucker Punch, about an institutionalized young woman who retreats into a fantasy world. In 2013 Snyder helped launch the DCEU, directing the Superman origin story Man of Steel (2013), a reboot of the Superman film series. He followed Man of Steel with Batman v Superman:…

petroleum production: Primary recovery: natural drive and artificial lift: A string of solid metal “sucker rods” connects the walking beam to the piston of the pump. Another method, called gas lift, uses gas bubbles to lower the density of the oil, allowing the reservoir pressure to push it to the surface. Usually, the gas is injected down the annulus…

bat: Annotated classification: Family Myzopodidae (Old World sucker-footed bat) 1 species in 1 genus (Myzopoda) endemic to Madagascar. Small, plain muzzle; large ears with peculiar mushroom-shaped lobe. Thumb and sole with adhesive disks; vestigial thumb claw; tail extends free beyond interfemoral membrane. Probably insectivorous; biology unknown. Suborder Megachiroptera

remora, (family Echeneidae), any of eight species of marine fishes of the family Echeneidae (order Perciformes) noted for attaching themselves to, and riding about on, sharks, other large marine animals, and oceangoing ships. Remoras adhere by means of a flat oval sucking disk on top of their head.

suckering, Vegetative formation of a new stem and root system from an adventitious bud of a stem or root, either naturally or by human action. Such asexual reproduction is based on the ability of plants to regenerate tissues and parts. Examples of plants that spread by suckers include red

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Loricariidae (suckermouth armoured catfishes) Sucking mouth; 3 or 4 rows of bony scutes. Herbivorous aquarium fishes. Central and South America. About 42 genera, 230 species. Family Scoloplacidae (spiny dwarf catfishes) Body with 2 bilateral series of teethlike-bearing plates, 1 midventral series of plates. Maximum length about…

Curzio Malaparte was a journalist, dramatist, short-story writer, and novelist, one of the most powerful, brilliant, and controversial of the Italian writers of the fascist and post-World War II periods. Malaparte was a volunteer in World War I and then became active in journalism. In 1924 he

sucket fork, small metal utensil used for eating sweetmeats, or sucket, with a two- or three-pronged fork at one end of the handle and a spoon bowl, usually of teaspoon size, at the other. A sucket fork is mentioned in Edward VI’s inventory of 1549, but most of the few surviving English and

sucking, drawing of fluids into the mouth by creating a vacuum pressure in the oral cavity. Mammalian infants rely on this method of food ingestion until they are capable of eating more solid substances. A partial vacuum is created in the oral cavity by retracting the tongue to the back of the

sucking louse, (suborder Anoplura), any of some 500 species of small, wingless, flat lice (order Phthiraptera) that have piercing and sucking mouthparts and live on blood and tissue fluids of mammals as an ectoparasite (external parasite). The adult sucking louse, or true louse, glues her eggs, or

human behaviour: The newborn infant: The newborn infant will suck a nipple or almost any other object (e.g., a finger) inserted into his mouth or touching his lips. He will also turn his head toward a touch on the corner of his mouth or on his cheek; this reflex helps him contact the nipple…

suckling, in mammals, the drawing of milk into the mouth from the nipple or teat of a mammary gland (i.e., breast or udder). In humans, suckling is also referred to as nursing or breastfeeding. Suckling is the method by which newborn mammals are nourished. Suckling may last only 10–12 days, as in

shamrock: White clover (Trifolium repens) and suckling clover (T. dubium) are both native to the British Isles and have been variously identified as the emblematic shamrock; the plants are members of the pea family (Fabaceae). Of commercial importance is wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) of the family Oxalidaceae. The plant is found…

Horatio Nelson: Early years: …was his mother’s brother, Captain Maurice Suckling, who was to become comptroller of the British Navy. When Horatio’s mother died, Captain Suckling agreed to take the boy to sea.

Sir John Suckling was an English Cavalier poet, dramatist, and courtier, best known for his lyrics. He was educated at Cambridge and inherited his father’s considerable estates at the age of 18. He entered Gray’s Inn in 1627 and was knighted in 1630. He became a prominent figure at court with a

Arne Sucksdorff was a Swedish motion-picture director important in the post-World War II revival of the Swedish cinema because of his internationally acclaimed sensitivity in photographing nature. His patiently photographed flowers, insects, birds, and animals are composed into films in which the

mucosal protective agent: Sucralfate, a polymer of sucrose with aluminum hydroxide, forms a protective coating on the mucosal lining, particularly in ulcerated areas. In the presence of acid, it becomes a gel that adheres to epithelial cells and ulcer craters. Sucralfate is only minimally absorbed and can cause…

sucrase, any member of a group of enzymes present in yeast and in the intestinal mucosa of animals that catalyze the hydrolysis of cane sugar, or sucrose, to the simple sugars glucose and fructose. Granules of sucrase localize in the brush border (a chemical barrier through which food is absorbed)

Sucre, estado (state), northeastern Venezuela. It is bounded to the north and west by the Caribbean Sea and to the east by the Gulf of Paria. Fishing in the Caribbean is an important component of Sucre’s economy. Indeed, in the early 20th century Sucre accounted for nearly half of Venezuela’s

Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America: …a regional electronic currency, the sucre, to reduce the use of the U.S. dollar among ALBA countries. (The currency’s name was both an abbreviation of Sistema Único de Compensación Regional [Unified System of Regional Compensation] and a reference to South American independence leader Antonio José de Sucre, a compatriot of…

Sucre, departamento, northern Colombia, in the Caribbean coastal plain, crossed by the Cauca and San Jorge rivers. Except for low hills in the north, the entire department is composed of lowlands. Cattle raising is widespread. Principal crops include rice, corn (maize), bananas, and tobacco. Shrimp

Sucre, judicial capital of Bolivia. (La Paz is the country’s administrative capital.) Sucre lies in a fertile valley crossed by the Cachimayo River, at an elevation of 9,153 feet (2,790 metres) above sea level. It was founded in 1539 by the conquistador Pedro de Anzúrez on the site of a Charcas

Antonio José de Sucre was the liberator of Ecuador and Peru, and one of the most respected leaders of the Latin American wars for independence from Spain. He served as Simón Bolívar’s chief lieutenant and eventually became the first constitutionally elected leader of Bolivia. At the age of 15 Sucre

Antonio José de Sucre was the liberator of Ecuador and Peru, and one of the most respected leaders of the Latin American wars for independence from Spain. He served as Simón Bolívar’s chief lieutenant and eventually became the first constitutionally elected leader of Bolivia. At the age of 15 Sucre

sucrose, organic compound, colourless sweet-tasting crystals that dissolve in water. Sucrose (C12H22O11) is a disaccharide; hydrolysis, by the enzyme invertase, yields “invert sugar” (so called because the hydrolysis results in an inversion of the rotation of plane polarized light), a 50:50 mixture

abortion: …more onerous procedure known as dilatation and evacuation (also called suction curettage or vacuum curettage), the cervical canal is enlarged by the insertion of a series of metal dilators while the patient is under anesthesia, after which a rigid suction tube is inserted into the uterus to evacuate its contents.…

harbours and sea works: Dredging: …the use of the suction-cutter dredge, which incorporates at the suction head a powerful rotating screw cutter that fragments the hard material. The increased dredging stresses arising from the use of a cutter require that a craft so equipped should be operated as a stationary dredge with moorings. Because…