Ulyanovsk, city and administrative centre of Ulyanovsk oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the Volga River at its confluence with the Sviyaga. Founded in 1648, it was a key fortress on the Sinbirsk defensive line; in 1924 it was renamed after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin), who was born there and

Ull, in Norse mythology, a god associated with skis and the bow, according to the Icelandic poet and historian Snorri Sturluson in his Prose Edda. Ull is said there to be the handsome son of Sif and the stepson of her husband Thor. Ull possessed warrior-like attributes and was called upon for aid

Ulladulla, town, southeastern New South Wales, southeastern Australia. It is situated on the Tasman Sea coast along the Princes Highway, 40 miles (65 km) south of Jervis Bay. The town was established in the 1820s as an anchorage for ships importing cedarwood to Sydney (about 110 miles [180 km]

Mangaluru: The suburb of Ullal produces hosiery and coir yarn. Mangaluru maintains a large bazaar near its coastal landing place.

Buddhism: All Souls festival: The importance of the virtues of filial piety and the reverence of ancestors in China and Japan have established Ullambana, or All Souls Day, as one of the major Buddhist festivals in those countries. In China worshipers in Buddhist temples make fachuan…

memento mori: Religious and philosophical expressions: …de los Muertos, the Buddhist Ullambana festival in China and Japan, the Buddhist and Confucian Bon festival in Japan, and the Buddhist and Taoist Hungry Ghost Festival in numerous Asian countries including Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, Singapore,

William Bernard Ullathorne was a Roman Catholic missionary to Australia and first bishop of Birmingham, Eng. He was influential in securing the final abolition (1857) of the British system of transporting convicts to Australia. Ullathorne was a descendant of Sir Thomas More. He served as a cabin

Ulleung Island, volcanic island, North Gyeongsang do (province), South Korea. Ulleung Island is the main island of Ulleung county, South Korea’s least populated county, and is surrounded by 44 smaller rocky islands, most of which are without permanent habitation and some of which are claimed by

Anatolian religion: Mythology: …epic of the struggle against Ullikummi, and the Theogony, though written in Hittite, are Hurrian in origin and refer to Hurrian and even Mesopotamian deities. The Theogony tells of the struggle for kingship among the gods. Alalu, after holding the kingship for nine years, was defeated by Anu (the Babylonian…

Anatolian religion: Mythology: The “Song of Ullikummi” tells of a plot by Kumarbi to depose Teshub from his supremacy by begetting a monstrous stone as champion. Ullikummi, the stone monster, grows in the sea, which reaches his waist, while his head touches the sky; he stands on the shoulder…

central-place theory: Edward Ullman introduced central-place theory to American scholars in 1941. Since then geographers have sought to test its validity. Iowa and Wisconsin have been two areas of empirical research that have come closest to meeting Christaller’s theoretical assumptions.

Tracey Ullman is a British-American actress, singer, and writer who is a uniquely gifted mimic and comic, perhaps best known for a series of self-titled sketch-comedy programs in the United States. Ullman was born to a Polish father and British mother. When she was six years old, her father died

Tracey Ullman is a British-American actress, singer, and writer who is a uniquely gifted mimic and comic, perhaps best known for a series of self-titled sketch-comedy programs in the United States. Ullman was born to a Polish father and British mother. When she was six years old, her father died

Liv Ullmann is a Norwegian actress known for her natural beauty and intelligent, complex performances. Her fame is closely linked to that of Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, with whom she worked in several films. Ullmann’s father was a Norwegian engineer whose work demanded extensive travel. As a

Liv Ullmann is a Norwegian actress known for her natural beauty and intelligent, complex performances. Her fame is closely linked to that of Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, with whom she worked in several films. Ullmann’s father was a Norwegian engineer whose work demanded extensive travel. As a

Gulf of California: In 1539 Spanish explorer Francisco de Ulloa proved that Baja California was a peninsula rather than an island, and he named the gulf Mar Bermejo (“Vermilion Sea”) because of the impressive red plankton that is found in its waters. Nevertheless, the myth that the gulf was an island perpetuated…

South Asian arts: Malayalam: Ullor wrote in the classical tradition, on the basis of which he appealed for universal love, while Vallathol (died 1958) responded to the human significance of social progress.

Ull, in Norse mythology, a god associated with skis and the bow, according to the Icelandic poet and historian Snorri Sturluson in his Prose Edda. Ull is said there to be the handsome son of Sif and the stepson of her husband Thor. Ull possessed warrior-like attributes and was called upon for aid

Sweden: Domestic affairs through the 1990s: Ola Ullsten, leader of the People’s Party (widely known as the Liberal Party and officially the Liberal People’s Party from 1990), succeeded him as prime minister, forming a minority government in which one-third of the ministers were women. Following a general election in 1979, the…

Ullswater, lake, in the administrative county of Cumbria, on the border between the historic counties of Cumberland and Westmorland in the Lake District of England. It is the Lake District’s second largest lake, about 7.5 miles (12 km) long and 0.5 mile (0.8 km) wide with an area of about 3 square

Ulm, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies on the left bank of the Danube River at its junction with the Iller and the Blau, opposite the Bavarian town of Neu Ulm. Ulm was first mentioned as a royal domain in 854 and was chartered in the 12th century by the

industrial design: American hegemony and challenges from abroad: …Gestaltung in Ulm, or the Ulm Design School (1953–68), which was often considered a successor to the Bauhaus. One of its founders was the typeface designer Otl Aicher, a corporate-branding specialist, noted author of graphic standards manuals for his clients, and designer whose clients included Lufthansa and Munich’s transportation authority.…

Max Bill: …was rector (1951–56) of the Ulm School of Design, Germany. He designed the school’s buildings, planned its curriculum, and was director of the department of architecture and product design there. He then served as a professor of environmental design at the State Institute of Fine Arts, Hamburg (1967–74). In 1987…

Battle of Ulm, (Sept. 25–Oct. 20, 1805), major strategic triumph of Napoleon, conducted by his Grand Army of about 210,000 men against an Austrian Army of about 72,000 under the command of Baron Karl Mack von Leiberich. (See “Napoleon’s Major Battles” Interactive Map) Austria had joined the

Ulmaceae, the elm family (order Rosales), with 6–7 genera of about 45 species of trees and shrubs, distributed primarily throughout temperate regions. Several members of the family are cultivated as ornamental plants, and some are important for their wood. Members of the family are deciduous or

Douglas Fairbanks was an American motion picture actor and producer who was one of the first and greatest of the swashbuckling screen heroes. His athletic prowess, gallant romanticism, and natural sincerity made him “King of Hollywood” during the 1920s silent era of film. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929

Kārlis Ulmanis was a leader in the fight for Latvian independence in the early decades of the 20th century. He was the first head of the Latvian Republic in 1918 and again in 1936–40 and was premier in 1918, 1919–21, 1925–26, 1931–32, and 1934–40. Ulmanis studied agronomy in Germany as a young man

Doris Ulmann was an American photographer known for her portraits of people living in rural parts of the American South. Born into a well-to-do New York family, Ulmann received a progressive education at the Ethical Culture School and took courses in psychology and law at Columbia University. She

Edgar G. Ulmer was an American director known as a supreme stylist of the B-film. His movies, many of which were shot in a week and made on a minuscule budget, notably include The Black Cat (1934) and Detour (1945). Ulmer studied architecture while designing sets in Vienna. Max Reinhardt hired the

Edgar G. Ulmer was an American director known as a supreme stylist of the B-film. His movies, many of which were shot in a week and made on a minuscule budget, notably include The Black Cat (1934) and Detour (1945). Ulmer studied architecture while designing sets in Vienna. Max Reinhardt hired the

Eucryphia: E. cordifolia, which grows to a height of 12 m (40 feet), and E. glutinosa, up to 4.5 m (14.8 feet), have produced the hybrid E. ×nymansensis, hardier than E. cordifolia and tolerant of alkaline soils.

elm, (genus Ulmus), genus of about 35 species of forest and ornamental shade trees of the family Ulmaceae, native primarily to north temperate areas. Many are cultivated for their height and attractive foliage. Elm wood is used in constructing boats and farm buildings because it is durable

elm: Major species: The American elm (Ulmus americana), of eastern North America, may grow 24 to 30 metres (about 80 to 100 feet) tall. It has dark gray, ridged bark and elliptical leaves. Populations in the United States have been decimated by Dutch elm disease.

Dutch elm disease: …susceptible in varying degrees, the smooth leaf (Ulmus carpinifolia), Chinese (U. parvifolia), and Siberian (U. pumila) elms have shown good resistance, and experiments with hybrids of American and Asiatic elms have met with much success.

elm: Major species: …crown and deeply fissured bark; Wych elm (U. glabra), with smoother bark; and Camperdown elm (U. glabra camperdownii), a variety of Wych elm also known as umbrella elm because of its drooping branches. The fast-growing Siberian elm (U. pumila), a brittle-twigged weak-wooded tree, is sometimes planted for quick shade and…

elm: Major species: glabra), with smoother bark; and Camperdown elm (U. glabra camperdownii), a variety of Wych elm also known as umbrella elm because of its drooping branches. The fast-growing Siberian elm (U. pumila), a brittle-twigged weak-wooded tree, is sometimes planted for quick shade and for windbreaks.

elm: Major species: …species planted as ornamentals include Chinese elm (U. parvifolia), a small-leaved species with interesting mottled bark; English elm (U. procera), with a compact crown and deeply fissured bark; Wych elm (U. glabra), with smoother bark; and Camperdown elm (U. glabra camperdownii), a variety of Wych elm also known as umbrella…

elm: Major species: …species with interesting mottled bark; English elm (U. procera), with a compact crown and deeply fissured bark; Wych elm (U. glabra), with smoother bark; and Camperdown elm (U. glabra camperdownii), a variety of Wych elm also known as umbrella elm because of its drooping branches. The fast-growing Siberian elm (U.…

elm: Major species: The fast-growing Siberian elm (U. pumila), a brittle-twigged weak-wooded tree, is sometimes planted for quick shade and for windbreaks.

slippery elm, Large-leaved elm (Ulmus rubra or U. fulva) of eastern North America that has hard wood and fragrant inner bark. A gluelike substance in the inner bark has long been steeped in water as a remedy for throat ailments, powdered for use in poultices, and chewed as a thirst quencher, among

elm: Major species: Rock, or cork, elm (U. thomasii) has hard wood and twigs that often develop corky ridges.

ulna, inner of two bones of the forearm when viewed with the palm facing forward. (The other, shorter bone of the forearm is the radius.) The upper end of the ulna presents a large C-shaped notch—the semilunar, or trochlear, notch—which articulates with the trochlea of the humerus (upper arm bone)

human cardiovascular system: The aorta and its principal branches: …terminal branches, the radial and ulnar arteries, the radial passing downward on the distal (thumb) side of the forearm, the ulnar on the medial side. Interconnections (anastomoses) between the two, with branches at the level of the palm, supply the hand and wrist.

Tommy John surgery: …surgery performed to repair the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) on the medial side of the elbow by using a graft as a substitute. The surgery is most commonly performed on athletes in throwing sports, especially baseball pitchers. The goals of Tommy John surgery are increasing elbow comfort, stability, and range…

Tommy John surgery, surgery performed to repair the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) on the medial side of the elbow by using a graft as a substitute. The surgery is most commonly performed on athletes in throwing sports, especially baseball pitchers. The goals of Tommy John surgery are increasing

human nervous system: Brachial plexus: The ulnar nerve serves two flexor muscles and a variety of small muscles of the wrist and hand.

human cardiovascular system: Superior vena cava and its tributaries: …hand and wrist, and the ulnar veins, both veins following the course of the associated artery. The radial and ulnar veins converge at the elbow to form the brachial vein; this, in turn, unites with the basilic vein at the level of the shoulder to produce the axillary vein. At…

spider: Annotated classification: Family Uloboridae About 260 species worldwide. Cribellum; lack poison glands; 3 tarsal claws; eyes in 3 rows; anal tubercle large; make orb webs; Hyptiotes are called triangle spiders. Family Scytodidae (spitting spiders) 160 species mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. 6 eyes arranged in 3

spider: Annotated classification: Family Uloboridae About 260 species worldwide. Cribellum; lack poison glands; 3 tarsal claws; eyes in 3 rows; anal tubercle large; make orb webs; Hyptiotes are called triangle spiders. Family Scytodidae (spitting spiders) 160 species mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. 6 eyes arranged in 3

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Ulodidae Found mainly in New Zealand and Australia; example genera Meryx, Brouniphylax, and Syrphetodes. Family Zopheridae Few species, mostly in America. There are many

Ulothrix, genus of filamentous green algae (family Ulotrichaceae) found in marine and fresh waters. Each cell contains a distinct nucleus, a central vacuole, and a large thin chloroplast with at least one pyrenoid. The specialized cell for attachment is called the holdfast, and the filaments are

Boris Ivanovich Morozov: …in the formulation of the ulozheniye (code of laws) of 1649, which granted a number of rights to the gentry and equalized taxation on the townspeople. However, it also formally tied serfs to the estates on which they resided.

Kyustendil, town, southwestern Bulgaria. It lies on the margin of a small alluvial basin in the Struma River valley at the foot of the Osogov Mountains. It was known in Roman times as Pautalia, or Ulpia Pautalia. Located on the site of a Thracian fortified settlement, it became an important town

Ulpian was a Roman jurist and imperial official whose writings supplied one-third of the total content of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I’s monumental Digest, or Pandects (completed 533). He was a subordinate to Papinian when that older jurist was praetorian prefect (chief adviser to the emperor

Trajan was a Roman emperor (98–117 ce) who sought to extend the boundaries of the empire to the east (notably in Dacia, Arabia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia), undertook a vast building program, and enlarged social welfare. Marcus Ulpius Traianus was born in the Roman province of Baetica (the area

Saint Ulrich ; canonized 993; feast day July 4) was a bishop and patron saint of Augsburg, the first person known to have been canonized by a pope. Of noble birth, he studied at the monastic school of Sankt Gallen (St. Gall), Switz., and was then trained by his uncle Bishop Adalbero of Augsburg. He

Ulrich was the duke of Württemberg (1498–1519, 1534–50), a prominent figure in the German religious Reformation. A grandson of Ulrich V, count of Württemberg, he succeeded his kinsman Eberhard II as duke of Württemberg in 1498, being declared of age in 1503. He obtained territories from the

Ladislas V: …the feud between his guardian Ulrich, count of Cilli, and the Hunyadi family of Hungary.

Ulrich von Hutten was a Franconian knight and humanist, famed as a German patriot, satirist, and supporter of Martin Luther’s cause. His restless, adventurous life, reflecting the turbulent Reformation period, was occupied with public and private quarrels, pursued with both pen and sword. As a

Metallica: ), drummer Lars Ulrich (b. December 26, 1963, Gentofte, Denmark), lead guitarist Kirk Hammett (b. November 18, 1962, San Francisco, California), and bassist Cliff Burton (b. February 10, 1962, San Francisco—d. September 27, 1986, near Stockholm, Sweden). Jason Newsted (b. March 4, 1963, Battle Creek, Michigan

Saint Ulrich ; canonized 993; feast day July 4) was a bishop and patron saint of Augsburg, the first person known to have been canonized by a pope. Of noble birth, he studied at the monastic school of Sankt Gallen (St. Gall), Switz., and was then trained by his uncle Bishop Adalbero of Augsburg. He

Ulrika Eleonora was a Swedish queen whose short reign (1718–20) led to Sweden’s Age of Freedom—a 52-year decline of absolutism in favour of parliamentary government. Ulrika Eleonora was a sister of the unmarried king Charles XII; after the death of her elder sister Hedvig Sofia in 1708, she became

Ulsan, metropolitan city, southeastern South Korea. Ulsan has the status of a metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government, with administrative status equal to that of a province. At the eastern end of the Taebaek Mountains, facing the East Sea (Sea of Japan), on Ulsan Bay,

Ulster, one of the ancient provinces of Ireland and subsequently the northernmost of Ireland’s four traditional provinces (the others being Leinster, Munster, and Connaught [Connacht]). Because of the Ulster cycle of Irish literature, which recounts the exploits of Cú Chulainn and many other Ulster

Ulster, county, southeastern New York state, U.S., bordered by the Hudson River to the east and the Catskill Mountains to the northwest. The varied terrain is drained by the Wallkill and Neversink (west and east branches) rivers; lakes include Ashokan Reservoir. Much of the county is occupied by

Ulster Unionist Party: Policy and structure: …a joint ticket as “Ulster Conservatives and Unionists–New Force” (UCUNF).

Ireland: The 20th-century crisis: Thousands of Ulstermen signed the Solemn League and Covenant to resist Home Rule (1912), and in January 1913 the Ulster unionists established a paramilitary army, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), to coordinate armed resistance. In September 1913 Carson announced that a provisional government of Ulster would be established in the…

Ulster cycle, in ancient Irish literature, a group of legends and tales dealing with the heroic age of the Ulaids, a people of northeast Ireland from whom the modern name Ulster derives. The stories, set in the 1st century bc, were recorded from oral tradition between the 8th and 11th century and

Ulster Defence Association (UDA), loyalist organization founded in Northern Ireland in 1971 to coordinate the efforts of local Protestant vigilante groups in the sectarian conflict in the province. Originally based in the Shankill Road area of Belfast, the UDA was responsible for political murders

the Troubles: Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), and Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR; from 1992 called the Royal Irish Regiment), and their avowed purpose was to play a peacekeeping role, most prominently between the nationalist Irish Republican Army (IRA), which viewed the conflict as a guerrilla war for national independence, and the unionist paramilitary…

Ulster Defence Association: …changed its name to the Ulster Democratic Party (UDP). Led by Gary McMichael, son of a murdered UDA man, the UDP won enough electoral support to participate in the multiparty peace talks that led to the Good Friday Agreement (April 1998), but it did not secure any seats in subsequent…

Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), unionist political party in Northern Ireland. The DUP was cofounded by Ian Paisley, who led it from 1971 to 2008. The party traditionally competes for votes among Northern Ireland’s unionist Protestant community with the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP). Founded in 1971

Northern Ireland: Cultural institutions: The Ulster Folk and Transport Museum in Cultra provides a particularly interesting link with the peasant origins of Northern Ireland and includes an open-air folk museum.

Ulster Defence Association (UDA), loyalist organization founded in Northern Ireland in 1971 to coordinate the efforts of local Protestant vigilante groups in the sectarian conflict in the province. Originally based in the Shankill Road area of Belfast, the UDA was responsible for political murders

Ulster Defence Association: …changed its name to the Ulster Democratic Party (UDP). Led by Gary McMichael, son of a murdered UDA man, the UDP won enough electoral support to participate in the multiparty peace talks that led to the Good Friday Agreement (April 1998), but it did not secure any seats in subsequent…

heraldry: Ireland: …Office became known as the Genealogical Office. A civil servant was then appointed as Chief Herald of Ireland. The office of Ulster King of Arms has now been united with that of Norroy King of Arms in the College of Arms in London. The Irish Herald undertakes the duties formerly…

Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), oldest and traditionally most successful unionist political party in Northern Ireland, though its influence waned dramatically after the Good Friday Agreement (1998). It was the party of government in the province from 1921 to 1972. The UUP had strong links with the

Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Protestant paramilitary organization founded in Northern Ireland in 1966. Its name was taken from a Protestant force organized in 1912 to fight against Irish Home Rule. Augustus (Gusty) Spence was the group’s best-known leader. The UVF was affiliated with the

Ireland: The 20th-century crisis: …established a paramilitary army, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), to coordinate armed resistance. In September 1913 Carson announced that a provisional government of Ulster would be established in the event of Home Rule’s coming into effect. After at first seeking to reject Home Rule for all of Ireland, the unionists…

Edmund Mortimer, 5th earl of March was a friend of the Lancastrian king Henry V and an unwilling royal claimant advanced by rebel barons. Edmund was the great-grandson of Lionel, duke of Clarence, the second surviving son of Edward III, and was considered by some to be the heir presumptive of the

Hugh de Lacy, earl of Ulster was one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman lords in Ulster (in Ireland) in the first half of the 13th century. He was the younger son of Hugh de Lacy, 1st lord of Meath. For a time he was coadjutor of John de Courci in Leinster and Munster, but after 1200 the rivalry

Lionel of Antwerp, duke of Clarence was the second surviving son of King Edward III of England and ancestor of Edward IV. Before he was four years of age Lionel was betrothed to Elizabeth (d. 1363), daughter and heiress of William de Burgh, earl of Ulster (d. 1333), and he entered nominally into

Richard de Burgh, 2nd earl of Ulster was one of the most powerful Irish nobles of the late 13th and early 14th centuries. He was a member of a historic Anglo-Irish family, the Burghs, and son of Walter de Burgh (c. 1230–71), the 1st earl of Ulster (of the second creation). In 1286 he ravaged

Northern Ireland: Education: The University of Ulster was established in 1984 by the merger of the New University of Ulster (at Coleraine) and the Ulster Polytechnic. It has campuses at Coleraine, Jordanstown, Derry, and Belfast.

Richard de Burgh, 2nd earl of Ulster: 1230–71), the 1st earl of Ulster (of the second creation).

Omagh: The Ulster American Folk Park north of Omagh is an outdoor display site depicting tools, buildings, and conveyances used by Ulster’s 18th- and 19th-century Roman Catholic and Protestant emigrants to the United States.

major industrial polymers: Polyimides: …Torlon by Amoco Corporation) and polyetherimide (PEI; trademark Ultem); these two compounds combine the imide function with amide and ether groups, respectively.

Richard Garriott: The Ultima series that followed established him as a major player in the computer-gaming industry, and in 1983 Garriott cofounded Origin Systems, Inc. Garriott’s in-game avatar, Lord British, ruled the kingdom of Britannia, and players engaged in quests to defeat a series of evils. With the…

Richard Garriott: With the debut of Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar (1985), players were faced with ethical dilemmas as well as challenges of might and magic. Nonplayer characters (NPCs) could converse more realistically, and Britannia was now a fully realized world, with shifting winds and a predictable lunar cycle. In…

María Luisa Bombal: …niebla as the basis for The House of Mist (1947), an English-language novel that she considered an entirely new work. The House of Mist details an unloving marriage between Daniel, who clings to the memory of his first wife, and Helga, who takes a mysterious blind lover who may or…

Cristina Peri Rossi: …última noche de Dostoievski (1992; Dostoevsky’s Last Night), Desastres íntimos (1997; Intimate Disasters), and El amor es una droga dura (1999; “Love Is a Strong Drug”).

Latin American literature: Post-boom writers: …noche que pasé contigo (1991; The Last Night I Spent with You) is Montero’s best-known novel. Its hilarious plot involves couples who meet during a Caribbean cruise. Chaviano’s El hombre la hembra y el hambre (1998; “Man, Woman, and Hunger”) is about a young woman in contemporary Cuba who works…

Richard Garriott: …Garriott and his team created Ultima Online, a pioneer in the burgeoning genre of online computer games. Three years later he started Destination Games, which later became part of NCsoft, the world’s largest online-game developer and publisher. In November 2007 he launched the multiplayer online computer game Tabula Rasa.

New Horizons: …by another Kuiper belt object, Arrokoth, on January 1, 2019. Arrokoth was found to be a contact binary—that is, two Kuiper belt objects that had merged together.

ultima Thule, in literature, the furthest possible place in the world. Thule was the northernmost part of the habitable ancient world. (See Thule culture.) References to ultima Thule in modern literature appear in works by Edgar Allan Poe, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and the Australian writer Henry

Australian literature: Nationalism and expansion: The last volume, Ultima Thule, graphically describes conditions in the goldfields and brings its character studies of the temperamentally opposite spouses Richard and Mary to a profoundly moving climax. Katharine Susannah Prichard’s realism in Working Bullocks (1926) and in Coonardoo (1929), her sympathetic portrait of an Aboriginal woman,…

coal: Chemical content and properties: …form of “proximate” and “ultimate” analyses, whose analytical conditions are prescribed by organizations such as ASTM. A typical proximate analysis includes the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents. (Fixed carbon is the material, other than ash, that does not vaporize when heated in the absence of air.…

sea level, position of the air-sea interface, to which all terrestrial elevations and submarine depths are referred. The sea level constantly changes at every locality with the changes in tides, atmospheric pressure, and wind conditions. Longer-term changes in sea level are influenced by Earth’s

biodegradability: Stages and rates of biodegradation: MineralizationMineralization, also called ultimate biodegradation or complete biodegradation, is the final stage in the biodegradation process. Having been degraded into such components as water and carbon dioxide and assimilated by living organisms, the mineral components of the original material are eventually redistributed by Earth’s various…

animal social behaviour: Proximate versus ultimate causation: …arises in animals) from its ultimate cause (that is, the evolutionary history and functional utility of the behaviour). Proximate causes include hereditary, developmental, structural, cognitive, psychological, and physiological aspects of behaviour. In other words, proximate causes are the mechanisms directly underlying the behaviour. For example, an animal separated from the…