Baseball and the arts

Both Alfred H. Spink’s The National Game (1910) and A.G. Spalding’s America’s National Game (1911), generally regarded as the first attempts at writing a standard history of baseball, cite “Casey at the Bat” as the best baseball poem ever written. Spalding goes so far as to proclaim that “Love has its sonnets galore; War its epics in heroic verse; Tragedy its sombre story in measured line; and Base Ball has ‘Casey at the Bat’.” Ernest L. Thayer’s poem, first published in the San Francisco Examiner on June 3, 1888, gained its initial popularity through the stage performances of comic actor DeWolf Hopper, who recited the poem more than 10,000 times in hundreds of American cities and towns. “Casey at the Bat” became baseball’s most popular piece of literature, celebrated in opera, paintings, sculpture, and film and imitated, extended, and even parodied by writers ranging from journalist Grantland Rice (in the 1906 piece “Casey’s Revenge”) to novelist Robert Coover (in his 1971 postmodern parody told from the pitcher’s perspective, “McDuff on the Mound”). Not much more than doggerel, “Casey at the Bat” owes its enduring popularity to baseball’s nostalgic appeal as America’s national pastime, a game of fathers playing catch with sons and heroic deeds acted out on a magical field of dreams, though sometimes when the hero, like the Mighty Casey, fails, it also reminds fans of the lost innocence and failed dreams of youth.

This sentimental tradition has its roots in the dime novel and series book, popular in the early 20th century. Using pseudonyms, Gilbert Patten (writing as Burt L. Standish), Edward Stratemeyer (as Lester Chadwick), and Harvey Shackleford (as Hal Standish) created all-American baseball heroes like Frank Merriwell, Baseball Joe, and Fred Fearnot to inspire and delight their readers. This tradition reached its height of popularity in the 1940s with the adolescent novels of John R. Tunis that featured the Brooklyn Dodgers.

The most notable exception to this sentimentalism in the first half of the 20th century was Ring Lardner’s You Know Me Al, a collection of stories featuring the character Jack Keefe that first appeared in The Saturday Evening Post and was later published in book form in 1916. By shifting the baseball yarn from the exploits of the Great American Hero to the idiocies of Keefe, the Great American Fool, Lardner gave American literature one of its most original characters. Yet, even with the success of Lardner’s stories and those written by James Thurber (“You Could Look It Up,” published in My World—and Welcome To It, 1942) and Damon Runyon (“Baseball Hattie,” published in Take It Easy, 1938), baseball literature remained for the most part at the adolescent level until the early 1950s.

With the publication of Bernard Malamud’s The Natural in 1952 and Mark Harris’s The Southpaw a year later, baseball fiction, especially the baseball novel, began a more serious tradition. The Natural, with its heavy use of symbol and myth, anticipated the metafiction, parody, and magic realism of Robert Coover’s The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop. (1968), Philip Roth’s The Great American Novel (1973), and W. P. Kinsella’s Shoeless Joe (1982). The Southpaw, the first of four books in a series of baseball novels by Mark Harris that includes the popular Bang the Drum Slowly (1956), began a more realistic tradition, continued in fiction ranging from Eliot Asinof’s Man on Spikes (1955; see also Asinof’s article in Encyclopædia Britannica on Shoeless Joe Jackson) to Eric Rolfe Greenberg’s The Celebrant (1983), one of several historical novels to feature the 1919 Black Sox scandal.

Baseball also has spawned a wealth of notable nonfiction literary works. Roger Kahn’s Boys of Summer (1972) recaptures the splendid 1952 season of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Former pitcher Jim Bouton’s Ball Four: My Life and Hard Times Throwing the Knuckleball in the Big Leagues (1970) is a funny and honest recounting of the daily life of a major league ballplayer. And Roger Angell wrote elegantly about baseball for The New Yorker; many of the best essays are collected in The Summer Game (1972).

The visual arts also cloaked baseball in romance and nostalgia. The earliest baseball paintings, by 19th-century artists Thomas Eakins and William Morris Hunt, and the popular prints of Currier and Ives celebrate baseball as a pastoral and leisurely game. Artists from the 20th century, with the exception of Ashcan realist George Bellows, rarely dabbled with baseball, but the game’s heroes and its traditions attracted popular painters and illustrators such as Andy Warhol, LeRoy Neiman, Lance Richbourg, and Norman Rockwell. Rockwell’s paintings 100th Year of Baseball (1939) and Game Called Because of Rain (also known as Bottom of the Sixth; 1949), first printed on covers of The Saturday Evening Post, now hang in the art gallery of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

Baseball movies also have contributed significantly to the game’s emotional appeal. Ever since Thomas Edison released The Ball Game in 1898, motion pictures have romanticized baseball in melodramas, comedies, and biographies. Yet, even with Hollywood’s tendency to sentimentalize the game, there have been several memorable baseball films, beginning with The Pride of the Yankees (1942) featuring Academy Award nominee Gary Cooper’s athletically awkward performance as Lou Gehrig. In the late 1940s and the ’50s, Hollywood produced a rash of baseball biographies, including The Babe Ruth Story (1948), The Stratton Story (1949; featuring James Stewart as Chicago White Sox pitcher Monty Stratton, who rebuilt a minor league pitching career after having a leg amputated), and The Jackie Robinson Story (1950; with Robinson playing himself). Somewhat of an anomaly for the time is the biography of outfielder Jimmy Piersall, Fear Strikes Out (1957), which is an unsentimental account of Piersall’s struggle with mental illness. More in keeping with the period are entertaining comedies and musicals such as It Happens Every Spring (1949), Angels in the Outfield (1951), and Damn Yankees (1958), based on the Broadway adaptation of Douglass Wallop’s novel The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant (1954).

In the 1970s, baseball filmmakers began their own serious or adult tradition with Bang the Drum Slowly (1973). They also produced entertaining films such as the profanity-laced Little League comedy The Bad News Bears (1976), which spawned two badly made sequels and numerous spin-offs of youth-league underdog sports teams learning that the love of the game is more important than winning. The 1980s and ’90s saw accomplished films such as The Natural (1984); the ribald Bull Durham (1988); Eight Men Out (1988), based on Eliot Asinof’s book on the Black Sox scandal; Field of Dreams (1989), the adaptation of Kinsella’s Shoeless Joe; and A League of Their Own (1992), the story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Two notable documentary films appeared in the 1990s: When It Was a Game (1991) is an intimate portrait of ballplayers and fans from the 1930s through the 1950s, and Ken Burns’s Baseball (1994) is a rich cultural history of the sport in the United States.

Yet, even with this more serious turn in film, baseball remains America’s sentimental favourite, a game still capable of evoking the innocent delight and wonder expressed in Jack Norworth and Albert Von Tilzer’s “Take Me Out to the Ball Game,” a 1908 ditty that became baseball’s national anthem. For artists, the ballpark has often been an escape from the real world, an idyllic place where fans don’t care if they “never get back.” But the game itself, because of its limitless dimensions and its appeal to our dreams of youth, also has inspired artists to see baseball as the perfect expression of the American Dream. That inspiration has generated works of art that have transmuted the game from a pastoral diversion into a spring ritual and a cultural icon of a nation’s character and aspirations.