- Related Topics:
- aquaculture
- bycatch
- fishing
- hunting
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Fishing with lines and hooks is carried out by a wide range of vessels using either manual or mechanical hauling.
Handliners
These are generally small fishing boats, open or decked, working inshore waters.
Longliners
These tend to be larger vessels with the hooks and lines attached to a rope that is supported by floats or simply trailed. Usually there is an automatic line system whereby the hooks are baited and fish removed mechanically in what can be a continuous system. As line-caught fish tend to be of the best quality, chilled seawater tanks are often installed to maintain freshness. The largest types of longliner are those fishing for tuna; these can be more than 60 metres in length.
Pole-and-line vessels
These vessels use lines mounted on poles or fishing rods, hand operated on smaller vessels and mechanized on larger vessels. A large crew is required, and, typically, the vessels are built with the entire deck edge clear to give the maximum fishing area. The wheelhouse can be forward or aft.
Trollers
On trollers the lines are trailed aft from twin booms. These vessels are similar to beam trawlers, but they have much lighter gear and almost invariably have the wheelhouse forward so that the lines can be hauled in on the working deck aft.
Multipurpose fishing boats
Because fishing for certain species of fish is often seasonal, many modern fishing boats are designed to incorporate two or more different fishing methods. Typical is the trawler/purse seiner, but potting vessels and longliners can also be equipped for trawling. Trawlers can also work at pair trawling, in which a trawl is pulled between two vessels. This may require heavier gear to handle the larger trawl.
Artisanal fishing boats
These are generally used in less-developed countries, working off of an open beach and using very basic fishing methods with no mechanization. Sails and oars are often used as motive power, but under government aid programs there have been advances in design, and engines—mainly outboard motors—are becoming common. Many of the advanced designs retain traditional characteristics to make them acceptable to the fishermen.
Mother ships
This category generally covers vessels carrying small fishing boats that return to the mother ship with their catch. They are generally ocean-going vessels with extensive on-board facilities for processing and freezing the catch. The category can also include factory trawlers supporting a fleet of smaller catching vessels that are not carried on board.
Support and ancillary vessels
Large fishing fleets may be provided with support from rescue and hospital ships so that they are fully self-sufficient. Fishery protection vessels also may incorporate similar facilities, although their primary role is the enforcement of fishing rules and regulations—particularly those relating to fishery limits. These vessels are usually armed in order to ensure compliance with their requests and are often naval vessels. Training vessels and fishery research vessels are usually equipped for different fishing methods, but they have additional facilities to meet their particular functions.
Freshwater fishing boats
Most of these use net and line methods rather than trawls and are therefore lighter in construction than their seagoing counterparts. They are generally small and often use unique fishing methods developed to suit local conditions.
Dag PikeHarbours and port markets
The purpose of a fishing harbour is to provide safety for boats, to transfer the fish rapidly to the market or consumer, and to speed the vessels’ landing, maintenance, and departure. Facilities for unloading, sorting, and weighing, market halls, merchants’ buildings, ice plants, refrigerated storage, and processing plants may be needed depending upon the type of fish product being handled. For vessel repair, a shipyard or slipway is necessary, with engine and electronics shops, net loft, chandlers, and victualers. Fuel may be supplied from floating or shoreside stations, and fresh water is needed for drinking, cleaning, and processing. Electric power, road and rail access, and good communications facilities are important, together with waste disposal arrangements to prevent harbour pollution.
In its simplest form, a fishing harbour may be a stretch of open beach or a landing site in a rocky coastline, from which canoes or small boats are launched and retrieved manually or with a simple winch. The catch may be sold directly to consumers from the boat or to middlemen who distribute the fish within a wider area. Facilities may include simple storage sheds for nets, outboard motors, fuel, and other supplies. A much more expensive alternative is a pier constructed beyond the surf zone, where boats are lifted out of the water by crane and stored on the deck.
Larger, heavier boats with inboard engines require sheltered anchorages or moorings, since they must remain afloat. In sheltered coves or inlets a simple rock jetty or wood wharf may be sufficient, with storage, fish handling, and service facilities nearby. If a sheltered site is not available or has insufficient water depth or area, it is necessary to construct protective breakwaters to form an artificial harbour within which the necessary quays, slipways, support, and fish-handling facilities are built.
Larger harbours serving many bigger vessels may be planned and built by government bodies that operate the facility themselves or lease it to a port authority or company. Often, service facilities such as net lofts, slipways, engine and electronics dealers, and supply stores are provided by small entrepreneurs or private companies.
Fish-handling and processing facilities may include individual stalls selling fresh fish, auction halls where wholesalers purchase their supplies, or processing plants with freezing facilities producing sophisticated consumer packs from raw fish landed at the docks.
Most harbours are communal in use, serving a wide range of vessel owners, merchants, and processors. However, large companies with considerable fleets often construct private integrated facilities that include processing, maintenance, and service operations. This is especially the case in developing countries, where only small-scale landing facilities may exist.
John C. Sainsbury