Emperors & Empresses, JUS-PHI
Emperor" is a title designating the sovereigns of the ancient Roman Empire and, by derivation, various later European rulers; it is also applied loosely to certain non-European monarchs.
Emperors & Empresses Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Justin I was a Byzantine emperor (from 518) who was a champion of Christian orthodoxy; he was the uncle and predecessor......
Justin II was a Byzantine emperor (from 565) whose attempts to maintain the integrity of the Byzantine Empire against......
Justinian I was a Byzantine emperor (527–565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government......
Justinian II was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty. Although possessed of a despotic temperament......
Kaloyan was the tsar of Bulgaria (1197–1207). The younger brother of the founders of the Second Bulgarian empire,......
Kammu was the 50th emperor of Japan, who established the Japanese capital at Heian-kyō, where it remained until......
Kangxi was the second emperor (reigned 1661–1722) of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12). To the Chinese empire......
Khai Dinh was the emperor of Vietnam in 1916–25 and an advocate of cooperation with the colonial power, France.......
Kublai Khan was a Mongolian general and statesman, who was the grandson and greatest successor of Genghis Khan.......
Kōken was the last empress to rule Japan until the 17th century; she twice occupied the throne (749–758; 764–770).......
Lambert Of Spoleto was the duke of Spoleto, king of Italy, and Holy Roman emperor (892–898) during the turbulent......
Le Loi was a Vietnamese general and emperor who won back independence for Vietnam from China in 1428, founded the......
Le Thanh Tong was the greatest ruler of the Later Le dynasty (q.v.; 1428–1788) in Vietnam. Though the early years......
Leo I was the Eastern Roman emperor from ad 457 to 474. Leo was a Thracian who, beginning his career in the army,......
Leo II was a Roman emperor of the East, grandson of Leo I, and son of Zeno. His grandfather, growing ill, felt......
Leo III was a Byzantine emperor (717–741), who founded the Isaurian, or Syrian, dynasty, successfully resisted......
Leo IV was a Byzantine emperor whose reign marked a transition between the period of Iconoclasm and the restoration......
Leo V was a Byzantine emperor responsible for inaugurating the second Iconoclastic period in the Byzantine Empire.......
Leo VI was the Byzantine coemperor from 870 and emperor from 886 to 912, whose imperial laws, written in Greek,......
Leopold I was the Holy Roman emperor during whose lengthy reign (1658–1705) Austria emerged from a series of struggles......
Leopold II was the Holy Roman emperor from 1790 to 1792, one of the most capable of the 18th-century reformist......
Li Yuanhao was the leader of the Tangut (Chinese: Dangxiang) tribes, a people who inhabited the northwestern region......
Licinius was a Roman emperor from 308 to 324. Born of Illyrian peasant stock, Licinius advanced in the army and......
Liu Bei was the founder of the Shu-Han dynasty (ad 221–263/264), one of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo) into which......
Longqing was the 12th emperor (reigned 1566/67–72) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), in whose short reign the famous......
Lothar I was a Frankish emperor, whose attempt to gain sole rule over the Frankish territories was checked by his......
Lothar II (or III) was a German king (1125–37) and Holy Roman emperor (1133–37). He is reckoned as Lothar III by......
Louis I was a Carolingian ruler of the Franks who succeeded his father, Charlemagne, as emperor in 814 and whose......
Louis II was a Frankish emperor (850–875) who, as ruler of Italy, was instrumental in checking the Arab invasion......
Louis IV was the duke of Upper Bavaria (from 1294) and of united Bavaria (1340–47), German king (from 1314), and......
Ly Nam De was the founder of the first Vietnamese dynasty mentioned in extant historical records and Vietnam’s......
Macrinus was a Roman emperor in 217 and 218, the first man to rule the empire without having achieved senatorial......
Magnentius was a usurping Roman emperor from Jan. 18, 350, to Aug. 11, 353. His career forms one episode in the......
Majorian was the Western Roman emperor from 457 to 461, the only man to hold that office in the 5th century who......
Manuel I Comnenus was a military leader, statesman, and Byzantine emperor (1143–80) whose policies failed to fulfill......
Manuel II Palaeologus was a soldier, statesman, and Byzantine emperor (1391–1425) whose diplomacy enabled him to......
Marcian was the Eastern Roman emperor from 450 to 457, the last ruler of the dynasty begun by the emperor Theodosius......
Marcus Aurelius was a Roman emperor (161–180), best known for his Meditations on Stoic philosophy. Marcus Aurelius......
Maria Theresa was the archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740–80), wife and empress of the......
Marie-Louise was an Austrian archduchess who became empress of the French (impératrice des Français) as the second......
Masako is a Japanese diplomat who became the crown princess of Japan when she married Crown Prince Naruhito in......
Matthias was the Holy Roman emperor from 1612, who, in a reversal of the policy of his father, Maximilian II, sponsored......
Maurice was an outstanding general and emperor (582–602) who helped transform the shattered late Roman Empire into......
Mavura was an African emperor who was installed as the ruler of the great Mwene Matapa empire by the Portuguese.......
Maxentius was a Roman emperor from 306 to 312. His father, the emperor Maximian, abdicated with Diocletian in 305.......
Maximian was a Roman emperor with Diocletian from ad 286 to 305. Born of humble parents, Maximian rose in the army,......
Maximilian was an archduke of Austria and the emperor of Mexico, a man whose naive liberalism proved unequal to......
Maximilian I was the archduke of Austria, German king, and Holy Roman emperor (1493–1519) who made his family,......
Maximilian II was the Holy Roman emperor from 1564, whose liberal religious policies permitted an interval of peace......
Maximinus was the first soldier who rose through the ranks to become Roman emperor (235–238). His reign marked......
Meiji was the emperor of Japan from 1867 to 1912, during whose reign Japan was dramatically transformed from a......
Menilek II was the king of Shewa (or Shoa; 1865–89) and emperor of Ethiopia (1889–1913). One of Ethiopia’s greatest......
Michael was the tsar of Russia from 1613 to 1645 and founder of the Romanov dynasty, which ruled Russia until 1917.......
Michael I Rhangabe was a Byzantine emperor from 811 to 813. The son-in-law of the emperor Nicephorus I, Michael......
Michael II was a Byzantine emperor and founder of the Amorian dynasty who attempted to moderate the Iconoclastic......
Michael III was a Byzantine emperor—last of the Amorian, or Phrygian, dynasty—whose reign was marked by the restoration......
Michael IV was a Byzantine emperor during whose seven-year reign an important treaty was signed with the Fāṭimid......
Michael V Calaphates was a Byzantine emperor (1041–42). The nephew of Michael IV, Michael Calaphates was adopted......
Michael VI Stratioticus was a Byzantine emperor who in his one-year reign (1056–57) failed to control the military......
Michael VII Ducas was the Byzantine emperor (1071–78) whose policies hastened the conquest of Asia Minor by the......
Michael VIII Palaeologus was the Nicaean emperor (1259–61) and then Byzantine emperor (1261–82), who in 1261 restored......
Mingdi was the posthumous name (shi) of the second emperor of the Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty (ad 25–220), during......
Minh Mang was an emperor (1820–41) of central Vietnam who was known for his anti-Western policies, especially his......
Montezuma II was the ninth Aztec emperor of Mexico, famous for his dramatic confrontation with the Spanish conquistador......
Muḥammad Shah was an ineffective, pleasure-seeking Mughal emperor of India from 1719 to 1748. Roshan Akhtar was......
Mūsā I of Mali was the mansa (emperor) of the West African empire of Mali from 1307 (or 1312). Mansa Mūsā left......
Napoleon I was a French general, first consul (1799–1804), and emperor of the French (1804–1814/15), one of the......
Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon I, president of the Second Republic of France (1850–52), and then emperor......
Naruhito is the emperor of Japan from 2019. He is Japan’s 126th emperor, and, according to tradition, traces his......
Julius Nepos was the last legitimate Western Roman emperor (reigned 474–475). Born of a distinguished family, Nepos......
Nero was the fifth Roman emperor (54–68 ce), stepson and heir of the emperor Claudius. He became infamous for his......
Nerva was a Roman emperor from Sept. 18, 96, to January 98, the first of a succession of rulers traditionally known......
Nicephorus I was a Byzantine emperor from 802 who late in his reign alienated his subjects with his extremely heavy......
Nicephorus II Phocas was a Byzantine emperor (963–969), whose military achievements against the Muslim Arabs contributed......
Nicephorus III Botaneiates was a Byzantine emperor (1078–81) whose use of Turkish support in acquiring and holding......
Nicholas I was a Russian emperor (1825–55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy. For his......
Nicholas II was the last Russian emperor (1894–1917), who, with his wife, Alexandra, and their children, was killed......
Ningzong was the 13th emperor of the Song dynasty (960–1279), whose reign (1195–1224) is noted as a period of intellectual......
Numerian was a Roman emperor from 283–284. He succeeded his father, Carus, in the summer of 283, in the midst of......
Nūr Jahān was the de facto ruler of India during the later years of the reign of her husband Jahāngīr, who was......
Olybrius was the Western Roman emperor from April to November 472. Before he became head of state, Olybrius was......
Otho was a Roman emperor from January to April 69. Otho was born into a family that had held the consulship under......
Otto I was the duke of Saxony (as Otto II, 936–961), German king (from 936), and Holy Roman emperor (962–973) who......
Otto II was the German king from 961 and Holy Roman emperor from 967, sole ruler from 973, son of Otto I and his......
Otto III was a German king and Holy Roman emperor who planned to recreate the glory and power of the ancient Roman......
Otto IV was a German king and Holy Roman emperor, candidate of the German anti-Hohenstaufen faction, who, after......
Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was an Inca emperor (1438–71), an empire builder who, because he initiated the swift, far-ranging......
Paul was the emperor of Russia from 1796 to 1801. Son of Peter III (reigned 1762) and Catherine the Great (reigned......
Pedro I was the founder of the Brazilian empire and first emperor of Brazil, from Dec. 1, 1822, to April 7, 1831,......
Pedro II was the second and last emperor of Brazil (1831–89), whose benevolent and popular reign lasted nearly......
Publius Helvius Pertinax was a Roman emperor from January to March 193. The son of a freed slave, Pertinax taught......
Peter was briefly Latin emperor of Constantinople, from 1217 to 1219. The son of Peter of Courtenay (died 1183)......
Peter I was the tsar of Russia who reigned jointly with his half-brother Ivan V (1682–96) and alone thereafter......
Peter I was the tsar of Bulgaria (reigned 927–969). The second son of Simeon I, he inherited the throne on his......
Peter II was the emperor of Russia from 1727 to 1730. Grandson of Peter I the Great (ruled 1682–1725), Peter II......
Peter III was the emperor of Russia from January 5, 1762 (December 25, 1761, Old Style), to July 9 (June 28, Old......
Petronius Maximus was the Western Roman emperor from March 17 to May 31, 455. He was not recognized as emperor......
Philip was a German Hohenstaufen king whose rivalry for the crown involved him in a decade of warfare with the......
Philip was a Roman emperor from 244 to 249. A member of a distinguished equestrian family of Arab descent, Philip......
Philippicus Bardanes was a Byzantine emperor whose brief reign (711–713) was marked by his quarrels with the papacy......