Psychology & Mental Health, ABE-CAR
Although Sigmund Freud was once one of the most recognizable faces of psychology, this scientific discipline has developed significantly since the time of his predominance. Psychology has become an increasingly integrative science at the hub of diverse other disciplines, from biology and neurology to sociology, anthropology, and economics. At the same time, old sub-disciplinary boundaries within pyschology itself are now crossed more freely; interdisciplinary teams may work on a common problem using methods that draw on multiple levels of analysis, whether social, cognitive, or biological.
Psychology & Mental Health Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Theodora Mead Abel was an American clinical psychologist and educator who combined sociology and psychology, most......
Karl Abraham was a German psychoanalyst who studied the role of infant sexuality in character development and mental......
abstraction, the cognitive process of isolating, or “abstracting,” a common feature or relationship observed in......
activation, in psychology, the stimulation of the cerebral cortex into a state of general wakefulness, or attention.......
Alfred Adler was a psychiatrist whose influential system of individual psychology introduced the term inferiority......
adultery, sexual relations between a married person and someone other than the spouse. Written or customary prohibitions......
Aeschines was an Athenian orator who advocated peace with Philip II of Macedonia and who was a bitter political......
afterimage, visual illusion in which retinal impressions persist after the removal of a stimulus, believed to be......
aggressive behaviour, animal behaviour that involves actual or potential harm to another animal. Biologists commonly......
agonism, survivalist animal behaviour that includes aggression, defense, and avoidance. The term is favoured by......
Mary Salter Ainsworth was an American Canadian developmental psychologist known for her contributions to attachment......
alcohol consumption, the drinking of beverages containing ethyl alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are consumed largely......
alcohol poisoning, serious medical condition that results from intentional or accidental consumption of alcohol,......
alcoholism, excessive and repetitive drinking of alcoholic beverages to the extent that the drinker repeatedly......
Franz Alexander was a physician and psychoanalyst sometimes referred to as the father of psychosomatic medicine......
alienation, in social sciences, the state of feeling estranged or separated from one’s milieu, work, products of......
Gordon Allport was an American psychologist and educator who developed an original theory of personality. Appointed......
American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry (AAAP), professional organization founded in 1985 that seeks to educate......
American Psychological Association (APA), professional organization of psychologists in the United States founded......
Louise Bates Ames was a child psychologist instrumental in the fields of child and human development. Ames was......
amnesia, loss of memory that occurs most often as a result of damage to the brain from trauma, stroke, neurological......
anal stage, in Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the period in a child’s psychosexual development during which the......
analogy, (from Greek ana logon, “according to a ratio”), originally, a similarity in proportional relationships.......
analytic psychology, the psychoanalytic method of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung as he distinguished it from that......
anamnesis, a recalling to mind, or reminiscence. Anamnesis is often used as a narrative technique in fiction and......
androgyny, condition in which characteristics of both sexes are clearly expressed in a single individual. In biology,......
James Rowland Angell was a psychologist and university president who rebuilt and reorganized Yale University in......
anhedonia, inability to experience pleasure from daily activities and from activities or interactions that normally......
animal magnetism, a presumed intangible or mysterious force that is said to influence human beings. The term was......
antisocial personality disorder, personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the......
anxiety, a feeling of dread, fear, or apprehension, often with no clear justification. Anxiety is distinguished......
aphrodisiac, any of various forms of stimulation thought to arouse sexual excitement. Aphrodisiacs may be classified......
apophenia, the perception of patterns or connections between unrelated or random data, objects, and ideas in situations......
applied psychology, the use of methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve practical problems of human......
aptitude test, examination that attempts to determine and measure a person’s ability to acquire, through future......
Aleksey Andreyevich, Graf Arakcheyev was a military officer and statesman whose domination of the internal affairs......
archetype, (from Greek archetypos, “original pattern”), in literary criticism, a primordial image, character, or......
asexuality, experiencing a complete or partial absence of sexual attraction or finding little interest in engaging......
assisted suicide, a procedure in which people take medications to end their own lives with the help of others,......
association, general psychological principle linked with the phenomena of recollection or memory. The principle......
association test, test used in psychology to study the organization of mental life, with special reference to the......
associative learning, in animal behaviour, any learning process in which a new response becomes associated with......
attachment theory, in developmental psychology, the theory that humans are born with a need to form a close emotional......
attention, in psychology, the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli.......
attitude, in social psychology, a cognition, often with some degree of aversion or attraction (emotional valence),......
autism, developmental disorder affecting physical, social, and language skills, with an onset of signs and symptoms......
autohypnosis, hypnosis that is self-induced. Though feasible and possibly productive of useful results, it is often......
autokinetic effect, illusory movement of a single still object, usually a stationary pinpoint of light used in......
Anna Jean Ayres American occupational therapist and clinical psychologist who pioneered the development of therapy......
Alexander Bain was a Scottish philosopher who advanced the study of psychology with his work on mental processes......
James Mark Baldwin was a philosopher and theoretical psychologist who exerted influence on American psychology......
Albert Bandura was a Canadian-born American psychologist and originator of social cognitive theory who is probably......
Barnum Effect, in psychology, the phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that personality descriptions......
Frederic Bartlett was a British psychologist best known for his studies of memory. Through his long association......
Bedlam, the first asylum for the mentally ill in England. It is currently located in Beckenham, Kent. The word......
Clifford Whittingham Beers was an American author and influential figure in the field of mental hygiene in the......
behaviour genetics, the study of the influence of an organism’s genetic composition on its behaviour and the interaction......
behaviourism, a highly influential academic school of psychology that dominated psychological theory between the......
Vladimir Bekhterev was a Russian neurophysiologist and psychiatrist who studied the formations of the brain and......
belief, a mental attitude of acceptance or assent toward a proposition without the full intellectual knowledge......
Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), test used to measure an individual’s femininity and masculinity. The Bem Sex-Role......
Ruth Benedict was an American anthropologist whose theories had a profound influence on cultural anthropology,......
Friedrich Eduard Beneke was a German philosopher and psychologist who argued that inductive psychology was the......
berdache, early European designation for American Indians (in Canada called First Nations peoples) who did not......
Henri Bergson was a French philosopher, the first to elaborate what came to be called a process philosophy, which......
George Berkeley was an Anglo-Irish Anglican bishop, philosopher, and scientist best known for his empiricist and......
Bruno Bettelheim was an Austrian-born American psychologist known for his work in treating and educating emotionally......
Alfred Binet was a French psychologist who played a dominant role in the development of experimental psychology......
Ludwig Binswanger was a Swiss psychiatrist and writer who applied the principles of existential phenomenology,......
biological psychology, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour. Biological psychology is concerned primarily......
biophilia hypothesis, idea that humans possess an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms......
bisexuality, in human sexuality, sexual interest in and attraction to members of one’s own and the opposite sex.......
black humour, writing that juxtaposes morbid or ghastly elements with comical ones that underscore the senselessness......
black swan event, high-impact event that is difficult to predict under normal circumstances but that in retrospect......
Helena Blavatsky was a Russian spiritualist, author, and cofounder of the Theosophical Society to promote theosophy,......
Eugen Bleuler was one of the most influential psychiatrists of his time, best known today for his introduction......
Bobo doll experiment, groundbreaking study on aggression led by psychologist Albert Bandura that demonstrated that......
Georges-Étienne Bonnet was a leader in the French Radical-Socialist Party and minister of foreign affairs immediately......
Edwin G. Boring was an American psychologist first recognized for his experimental work but later known as a historian......
bounded rationality, the notion that a behaviour can violate a rational precept or fail to conform to a norm of......
John Bowlby was a British developmental psychologist and psychiatrist best known as the originator of attachment......
brainwashing, systematic effort to persuade nonbelievers to accept a certain allegiance, command, or doctrine.......
Franz Brentano was a German philosopher generally regarded as the founder of act psychology, or intentionalism,......
Josef Breuer was an Austrian physician and physiologist who was acknowledged by Sigmund Freud and others as the......
Amariah Brigham was an American doctor and administrator who, as one of the leaders of the asylum movement in the......
brokerage, process in which individuals called brokers act as intermediaries between individuals or groups who......
Urie Bronfenbrenner was a Russian-born American psychologist best known for having developed human ecology theory......
Harry S. Broudy was a Polish-born American educational philosopher, best known as a spokesman for the classical......
Jerome Bruner was an American psychologist and educator who developed theories on perception, learning, memory,......
Ruth Jane Mack Brunswick was an American psychoanalyst, a student of Sigmund Freud whose work significantly explored......
bullying, intentional harm-doing or harassment that is directed toward vulnerable targets and typically repeated.......
Sir Cyril Burt was a British psychologist known for his development of factor analysis in psychological testing......
Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet was a British philanthropist and politician who, in 1822, succeeded William......
bystander effect, the inhibiting influence of the presence of others on a person’s willingness to help someone......
Karl Bühler was a German psychiatrist and psychologist who was known chiefly for his studies of the thought process.......
Mary Steichen Calderone was an American physician and writer who, as cofounder and head of the Sexuality Information......
Mary Whiton Calkins was a philosopher, psychologist, and educator, and the first American woman to attain distinction......
Edward Cardwell, Viscount Cardwell was a British statesman who, as secretary of state for war (1868–74), was considered......
Leonard Carmichael was a U.S. psychologist and educator who, as secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1953......
Dale Carnegie was an American lecturer, author, and pioneer in the field of public speaking and the psychology......