Social Movements & Trends, MAł-NAT
The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Stanisław Małachowski was a Polish statesman who presided over Poland’s historic Four Years’ Sejm, a constituent......
Tom Mboya was a major political leader in Kenya until his assassination six years after his country had achieved......
John McCain was a U.S. senator who was the Republican Party’s nominee for president in 2008 but was defeated by......
Nellie McClung was a Canadian writer and reformer. After marrying in 1896, she became prominent in the temperance......
Francis John McConnell was an American Methodist bishop, college president, and social reformer. McConnell entered......
Me Too movement, awareness movement around the issue of sexual harassment and sexual abuse of women in the workplace......
mechanization, Use of machines, either wholly or in part, to replace human or animal labour. Unlike automation,......
Nathan Cook Meeker was an American journalist and social reformer who founded the utopian Union Colony at Greeley,......
Megan Thee Stallion is an American rapper who rose to prominence in the 2010s as part of a growing cohort of women......
Mehmed II was an Ottoman sultan from 1444 to 1446 and from 1451 to 1481. A great military leader, he captured Constantinople......
Meiji was the emperor of Japan from 1867 to 1912, during whose reign Japan was dramatically transformed from a......
Golda Meir was an Israeli politician who helped found (1948) the State of Israel and later served as its fourth......
Andrew Mellon was an American financier, philanthropist, and secretary of the treasury (1921–32) who reformed the......
Andrew Melville was a scholar and Reformer who succeeded John Knox as a leader of the Scottish Reformed Church,......
Rigoberta Menchú is a Guatemalan Indian-rights activist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1992. Menchú,......
Menilek II was the king of Shewa (or Shoa; 1865–89) and emperor of Ethiopia (1889–1913). One of Ethiopia’s greatest......
V.K. Krishna Menon was an Indian nationalist and champion of India’s anticolonialism and neutralism. After studying......
Honoré Mercier was a statesman and champion of French-Canadian interests who served as the Liberal prime minister......
Merenre, fourth king of the 6th dynasty (c. 2325–c. 2150 bce) in ancient Egypt, who extended the authority of one......
meritocracy, political, social, or economic system in which individuals are assigned to positions of power, influence,......
Khaled Meshaal is an exiled Palestinian politician who served as the head of the political bureau of the Palestinian......
Ahmed Messali Hadj was a revolutionary Algerian nationalist leader. Messali emerged in 1927 as the head of an Algerian......
Andreas Vokos Miaoulis was a patriot who successfully commanded the Greek revolutionary naval forces during the......
Michael III was the prince of Serbia (1839–42, 1860–68) and modern Serbia’s most enlightened ruler, who instituted......
Midhat Pasha was twice the Ottoman grand vizier who was known for his honest ability, his administrative reforms,......
Barbara Mikulski is an American politician who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1986 and represented......
Military League, group of young Greek army officers who, emulating the Young Turk Committee of Union and Progress,......
militia movement, in the United States, movement of private, generally right-wing paramilitary organizations whose......
Millenary Petition, moderate request for changes in certain practices within the Church of England, presented to......
Emerging as a rapper, producer, and songwriter in the “party rap” tradition, Mac Miller went on to captivate audiences......
Alexandre Millerand was a French lawyer and statesman who, as president of the Republic (1920–1924), was noted......
C. Wright Mills was an American sociologist who, with Hans H. Gerth, applied and popularized Max Weber’s theories......
Miloš was a Serbian peasant revolutionary who became prince of Serbia (1815–39 and 1858–60) and who founded the......
Slobodan Milošević was a politician and administrator, who, as Serbia’s party leader and president (1989–97), pursued......
Dmitry Alekseyevich, Count Milyutin was a Russian military officer and statesman who, as minister of war (1861–81),......
Nikolay Alekseyevich Milyutin was a Russian statesman who played a prominent role in the emancipation of the serfs......
John Milíč was a theologian, orator, and reformer, considered to be the founder of the national Bohemian religious......
Nicki Minaj is a Trinidadian-born rapper, singer, songwriter, television personality, and actress known for her......
Mindon was the king of Myanmar from 1853 to 1878. His reign was notable both for its reforms and as a period of......
Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th earl of Minto was the governor general of Canada (1898–1905) and viceroy......
Victor Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau was a French political economist, the forerunner and later patron of the Physiocratic......
Mirabehn was a British-born follower of Mahatma Gandhi who participated in the movement for India’s independence.......
Francisco de Miranda was a Venezuelan revolutionary who helped to pave the way for independence in Latin America.......
Lin-Manuel Miranda is an American actor, composer, lyricist, and writer who created and starred in stage productions......
William Mitchell was a U.S. Army officer who early advocated a separate U.S. air force and greater preparedness......
Modernism, in the fine arts, a break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression. Modernism......
modernity, the self-definition of a generation about its own technological innovation, governance, and socioeconomics.......
modernization, in sociology, the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban,......
Arthur Moeller van den Bruck was a German cultural critic whose book Das Dritte Reich (1923; “The Third Empire,”......
Warith Deen Mohammed was an American religious leader, son and successor of Elijah Muhammad as head of the Nation......
Helmuth von Moltke was the chief of the Prussian and German General Staff (1858–88) and the architect of the victories......
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was an Italian journalist and international activist on behalf of peace (except where Italian......
Gaspard Monge, count de Péluse was a French mathematician who invented descriptive geometry, the study of the mathematical......
monkeywrenching, nonviolent disobedience and sabotage carried out by environmental activists against those whom......
Marcus Jakob Monrad was 19th-century Norway’s foremost philosopher, who was also a conservative champion of Swedish–Norwegian......
Raimondo Montecuccoli was a field marshal and military reformer, a master of the warfare based on fortifications......
Maximilian Joseph, count von Montgelas de Garnerin was a German statesman who developed modern Bavaria. The son......
Ely Moore was an American journalist and politician who represented the interests of labour in the U.S. Congress.......
José María Morelos was a revolutionary priest who assumed leadership of the Mexican independence movement after......
Mariano Moreno was a patriot who was the intellectual and political leader of Argentina’s movement for independence.......
Lewis Henry Morgan was an American ethnologist and a principal founder of scientific anthropology, known especially......
Gouverneur Morris was an American statesman, diplomat, and financial expert who helped plan the U.S. decimal coinage......
Robert Moses was a U.S. state and municipal official whose career in public works planning resulted in a virtual......
Lucretia Mott was a pioneer reformer who, with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, founded the organized women’s rights movement......
Movement of the Fifth Republic (MVR), nationalist Venezuelan political party established to support the presidential......
Robert Mugabe was the first prime minister (1980–87) of the reconstituted state of Zimbabwe, formerly Rhodesia.......
mujahideen, members of a number of guerrilla groups operating in Afghanistan during the Afghan War (1978–92) that......
multiculturalism, the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, deserve......
Peter Andreas Munch was a historian and university professor who was one of the founders of the Norwegian nationalist......
Murad IV was an Ottoman sultan from 1623 to 1640 whose heavy-handed rule put an end to prevailing lawlessness and......
Joachim Murat was a French cavalry leader who was one of Napoleon’s most celebrated marshals and who, as king of......
Muslim Brotherhood, religiopolitical organization founded in 1928 at Ismailia, Egypt, by Hassan al-Banna. Islamist......
Benito Mussolini was the Italian prime minister (1922–43) and the first of 20th-century Europe’s fascist dictators.......
Mustafa III was an Ottoman sultan (1757–74) who attempted governmental and military reforms to halt the empire’s......
A.J. Muste was a Dutch-born American clergyman best known for his role in the labour and left-wing movements of......
Luis Muñoz Rivera was a statesman, publisher, and patriot who devoted his life to obtaining Puerto Rico’s autonomy,......
Muḥammad I Askia was a West African statesman and military leader who usurped the throne of the Songhai empire......
Muḥammad ibn Tughluq was the second sultan of the Tughluq dynasty (reigned 1325–51), who briefly extended the rule......
Muḥammad V was the sultan of Morocco (1927–57) who became a focal point of nationalist aspirations, secured Moroccan......
Muḥammad ʿAlī was the pasha and viceroy of Egypt (1805–48), founder of the dynasty that ruled Egypt from the beginning......
Alva Reimer Myrdal was a Swedish diplomat, government minister, author, and advocate of nuclear disarmament. She......
Thomas Müntzer was a leading German radical reformer during the Protestant Reformation, a fiery and apocalyptic......
N.W.A, American hip-hop group from Compton, California, whose popular, controversial music included explicit references......
Joaquim Aurelio Barreto Nabuco de Araújo was a statesman and diplomat, leader of the abolition movement in Brazil,......
Sarojini Naidu was a political activist, feminist, poet, and the first Indian woman to be president of the Indian......
Dadabhai Naoroji was an Indian nationalist and critic of British economic policy in India. Educated at Elphinstone......
Napoleon I was a French general, first consul (1799–1804), and emperor of the French (1804–1814/15), one of the......
Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon I, president of the Second Republic of France (1850–52), and then emperor......
From the Siege of Toulon (August 28–December 19, 1793) to the Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815), Napoleon shaped......
Jayaprakash Narayan was an Indian political leader and theorist. Narayan was educated at universities in the United......
Narodna Odbrana, Serbian nationalist organization, founded in 1908, that gathered recruits from Bosnia-Herzegovina,......
Narodnaya Volya, 19th-century Russian revolutionary organization that regarded terrorist activities as the best......
Narodnik, member of a 19th-century socialist movement in Russia who believed that political propaganda among the......
narodnost, doctrine or national principle, the meaning of which has changed over the course of Russian literary......
John Nash was an English architect and city planner best known for his development of Regent’s Park and Regent......
Hassan Nasrallah was a Lebanese militia and political leader who served as leader (secretary-general) of Hezbollah......
Maud Nathan was an American social welfare leader who helped to found the National Consumers League. Nathan was......
Carry Nation was an American temperance advocate famous for using a hatchet to demolish barrooms. Carry Moore as......
National Bloc, a coalition of Syrian nationalist parties that opposed the French mandate and demanded independence,......
National Consumers League (NCL), American organization founded in 1899 to fight for the welfare of consumers and......