Social Movements & Trends, TEN-WAN
The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar first published his eight-volume biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Mahatma, in......
Tenentismo, (from Portuguese tenente, “lieutenant”), movement among young, idealistic Brazilian army officers,......
St. Teresa of Ávila ; canonized 1622; feast day October 15) was a Spanish nun, one of the great mystics and religious......
Joseph-Marie Terray was the French controller general of finances during the last four years of the reign of King......
terrorism, the calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring......
Tewodros II was the emperor of Ethiopia (1855–68) who has been called Ethiopia’s first modern ruler. Not only did......
Thakin Than Tun was a Burmese politician, leader of the Communist Party of Burma from 1945 until his death. Than......
the personal is political, political slogan expressing a common belief among feminists that the personal experiences......
Saint Theodore of Canterbury ; feast day September 19) was the seventh archbishop of Canterbury and the first archbishop......
Theodosius I was a Roman emperor of the East (379–392) and then sole emperor of both East and West (392–395), who,......
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke was a leading Dutch political figure of the mid-19th century who, as prime minister (1849–53,......
Franz Anton, prince zu Thun und Hohenstein was an Austrian administrator, prime minister, and governor of Bohemia,......
Leo, count von Thun und Hohenstein was a pro-Czech Austrian statesman and administrator who improved the educational......
Imre Thököly was a Hungarian patriot, a leader of the Hungarian Protestants in their struggle against Austrian......
Tiananmen Square incident, series of protests and demonstrations in China in the spring of 1989 that culminated......
Tianshidao, great popular Daoist movement that occurred near the end of China’s Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) and......
George Ticknor was an American author and educator who helped modernize the curriculum at Harvard University. Educated......
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a scholar, mathematician, philosopher, and ardent nationalist who helped lay the foundation......
Ben Tillman was an outspoken U.S. populist politician who championed agrarian reform and white supremacy. Tillman......
Napoleon Bonaparte rose from the ranks of the French Revolutionary army to become first consul (1799–1804) and......
Alfred von Tirpitz was a German admiral, the chief builder of the German Navy in the 17 years preceding World War......
Jozef Tiso was a Slovak priest and statesman who fought for Slovak autonomy within the Czechoslovak nation during......
Josip Broz Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. He was secretary-general (later president) of the Communist......
Omar Said Tjokroaminoto was a highly influential Indonesian leader of the early Indonesian nationalist movement,......
Tokugawa Nariaki was a Japanese advocate of reform measures designed to place more power in the hands of the emperor......
Tokugawa Yoshimune was the eighth Tokugawa shogun, who is considered one of Japan’s greatest rulers. His far-reaching......
Tokutomi Sohō was an influential Japanese historian, critic, journalist, and essayist and a leading nationalist......
Ernst Toller was a dramatist, poet, and political activist, who was a prominent exponent of Marxism and pacifism......
Ton Duc Thang was a Communist leader who succeeded Ho Chi Minh as president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam......
Wolfe Tone was an Irish republican and rebel who sought to overthrow English rule in Ireland and who led a French......
John Horne Tooke was a radical politician, one of the most effective English agitators for parliamentary reform......
Sir Robert Richard Torrens was an Australian statesman who introduced a simplified system of transferring land,......
Toussaint Louverture was the leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution (1787–99).......
Arnold Toynbee was an English economist and social reformer noted for his public service activities on behalf of......
Benjamin F. Tracy was the U.S. secretary of the Navy (1889–93) who played a major role in the rebuilding and modernization......
transhumanism, philosophical and scientific movement that advocates the use of current and emerging technologies—such......
transitional justice, national institutions or practices that identify and address injustices committed under a......
transnational social movement, a collectivity of groups with adherents in more than one country that is committed......
Council of Trent, 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three parts from 1545 to 1563.......
Triangle shirtwaist factory fire, fatal conflagration that occurred on the evening of March 25, 1911, in a New......
David Trimble was a politician who served as first minister of the Northern Ireland Assembly (1998–2002), leader......
Pierre Elliott Trudeau was a Liberal politician and prime minister of Canada (1968–79; 1980–84). His terms in office......
Ante Trumbić was a Croatian nationalist from Dalmatia who played a leading role in the founding of Yugoslavia.......
Truong Chinh was a Vietnamese scholar and statesman, a leading North Vietnamese communist intellectual. While a......
Sojourner Truth was an African American evangelist and reformer who applied her religious fervor to the abolitionist......
Anton Frederik Tscherning was a military reformer and radical champion of democracy in mid-19th-century Denmark.......
Harriet Tubman was an American bondwoman who escaped from slavery in the South to become a leading abolitionist......
William V. S. Tubman was a statesman whose 27 years as Liberia’s 17th president constituted the longest tenure......
Franjo Tudjman was a Croat politician who led the country to independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 and who was president......
Mikhail Tukhachevsky was a Soviet military chief responsible for the modernization of the Red Army prior to World......
Desmond Tutu was a South African Anglican cleric who in 1984 received the Nobel Prize for Peace for his role in......
Julia Strudwick Tutwiler was an American educator and reformer who was responsible for making higher education......
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor was an English anthropologist regarded as the founder of cultural anthropology. His most......
Jaan Tõnisson was an Estonian statesman, lawyer, newspaper editor, and civic leader who opposed Russian (tsarist......
Túpac Amaru, Peruvian revolutionary group. Founded in 1983, the group is best known for holding 490 people hostage......
Ole Gabriel Gabrielson Ueland was a teacher and politician, the foremost champion of Norway’s peasant class during......
Ugaki Kazushige was a Japanese soldier-statesman, who in the years before World War II headed the so-called Control......
Ulanhu was a Mongol nationalist and Chinese politician who was a highly visible promoter of Mongolian rights throughout......
Kārlis Ulmanis was a leader in the fight for Latvian independence in the early decades of the 20th century. He......
Francis Henry Underwood was an American author and lawyer who became a founder of The Atlantic Monthly in order......
Society of United Irishmen, Irish political organization formed in October 1791 by Theobald Wolfe Tone, James Napper......
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), international UN development agency, based in Vienna,......
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), autonomous United Nations body established in......
Urban II was the head of the Roman Catholic Church (1088–99) who developed ecclesiastical reforms begun by Pope......
urban planning, design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form, economic functions,......
urban renewal, comprehensive scheme to redress a complex of urban problems, including unsanitary, deficient, or......
urban revolution, in anthropology and archaeology, the processes by which agricultural village societies developed......
urbanization, the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small......
Justo José de Urquiza was a soldier and statesman who overthrew the powerful Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de......
Ustaša, Croatian fascist movement that nominally ruled the Independent State of Croatia during World War II. In......
Alexandru Vaida-Voevod was a politician who served three times as prime minister of Romania (1919–20, 1932, 1933)......
Vajiravudh was the king of Siam from 1910 to 1925, noted for his progressive reforms and prolific writings. Vajiravudh......
Mary Abby Van Kleeck was an American social researcher and reformer, a dynamic and influential figure in the investigation......
Getúlio Vargas was the president of Brazil (1930–45, 1951–54), who brought social and economic changes that helped......
Velvet Revolution, nationwide protest movement in Czechoslovakia in November–December 1989 that ended more than......
Eleuthérios Venizélos was the prime minister of Greece (1910–15, 1917–20, 1924, 1928–32, 1933), the most prominent......
Vespasian was a Roman emperor (ad 69–79) who, though of humble birth, became the founder of the Flavian dynasty......
Guadalupe Victoria was a Mexican soldier and political leader who was the first president of the Mexican Republic.......
Isvar Chandra Vidyasagar was an Indian educator and social reformer considered the father of Bengali prose. He......
José Luandino Vieira is an Angolan writer of short fiction and novels. Vieira immigrated with his parents to Angola......
Viet Cong (VC), the guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam......
Viet Minh, organization that led the struggle for Vietnamese independence from French rule. The Viet Minh was formed......
Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (VNQDD), the first large-scale revolutionary nationalist organization in Vietnam. Founded......
Sir Paul Gavrilovitch Vinogradoff was an Anglo-Russian legal scholar and medievalist who was perhaps the greatest......
virtual sit-in, a tactic used by Internet activists to strongly inhibit or halt a Web site’s traffic. Conducted......
Vivekananda was a Hindu spiritual leader and reformer in India who attempted to combine Indian spirituality with......
Tudor Vladimirescu was a national hero, leader of the popular uprising of 1821 in Walachia. A participant in the......
Vo Chi Cong was a strongly anti-French Communist revolutionary who was among the earliest fighters for Vietnam’s......
Vo Nguyen Giap was a Vietnamese military and political leader whose perfection of guerrilla as well as conventional......
Karl, Freiherr von Vogelsang was a Roman Catholic social reformer whose writings helped shape the ideas and actions......
Wafd, (Arabic: “Egyptian Delegation”), nationalist political party that was instrumental in gaining Egyptian independence......
Robert F. Wagner was a U.S. senator and leading architect of the modern welfare state. Wagner arrived in the United......
René Waldeck-Rousseau was a politician who, as premier of France, settled the Dreyfus Affair. He was also responsible......
David Walker was an African American abolitionist whose pamphlet Appeal…to the Colored Citizens of the World… (1829),......
Mary Edwards Walker was an American physician and reformer who is thought to have been the first female surgeon......
Léon Walras was a French-born economist whose work Éléments d’économie politique pure (1874–77; Elements of Pure......
Wang Anshi was a Chinese poet and prose writer, best known as a governmental reformer who implemented his unconventional......
Wang Ching-wei was an associate of the revolutionary Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, rival of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang......
Wang Fuzhi was a Chinese nationalistic philosopher, historian, and poet in the early years of the Qing dynasty......
Wang Tao was one of the pioneers of modern journalism in China and an early leader of the movement to reform traditional......