Social Movements & Trends, WAR-ḤUS
The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title
war, in the popular sense, a conflict between political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and......
War on Poverty, expansive social welfare legislation introduced in the 1960s by the administration of U.S. Pres.......
Samuel Ringgold Ward was a black American abolitionist known for his oratorical power. Born a slave, Ward escaped......
Khalīl Ibrāhīm al-Wazīr was a Palestinian leader who became the military strategist and second in command of the......
Robert C. Weaver was a noted American economist who, as the first secretary (1966–68) of the U.S. Department of......
Herman, Count Wedel-Jarlsberg was a Norwegian patriot and statesman. He was the leading advocate of Norwegian-Swedish......
Harry M. Weese was an American architect of the Chicago school who designed the subway system in Washington, D.C.—considered......
Chaim Weizmann was the first president of the new nation of Israel (1949–52), who was for decades the guiding spirit......
Theodore Dwight Weld was an American antislavery crusader in the pre-Civil War period. While a ministerial student......
welfare state, concept of government in which the state or a well-established network of social institutions plays......
H.G. Wells was an English novelist, journalist, sociologist, and historian best known for such science fiction......
Wendi was the emperor who reigned from 581–604 and reunified and reorganized China after 300 years of instability,......
Westernization, the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other......
Westernizer, in 19th-century Russia, especially in the 1840s and ’50s, one of the intellectuals who emphasized......
Westminster Assembly, (1643–52), assembly called by the English Long Parliament to reform the Church of England.......
Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton was a prominent English reforming peer from the English Civil Wars to the Glorious......
whistleblower, an individual who, without authorization, reveals private or classified information about an organization,......
Leslie A. White was an American anthropologist best known for his theories of the evolution of culture and for......
Walter White was the foremost spokesman for African Americans for almost a quarter of a century and executive secretary......
John Greenleaf Whittier was an American poet and abolitionist who, in the latter part of his life, shared with......
Count Aleksander Wielopolski was a Polish statesman who undertook a program of major internal reforms coupled with......
William Wilberforce was a British politician and philanthropist who from 1787 was prominent in the struggle to......
Roy Wilkins was a Black American civil rights leader who served as the executive director (1955–77) of the National......
Ulrich Wille was a Swiss military leader and commander in chief of the Swiss Army during World War I who made major......
William II was the king of the Netherlands and grand duke of Luxembourg (1840–49) whose reign saw the reestablishment......
William Of Hirsau was a German cleric, Benedictine abbot, and monastic reformer, the principal German advocate......
Betty Williams was a Northern Irish peace activist who, with Máiread Maguire and Ciaran McKeown, founded the Peace......
Fannie Barrier Williams was an American social reformer, lecturer, and clubwoman who cofounded (1893) the National......
Hosea Williams was an American civil rights leader and politician who was a major figure in the struggle against......
Jody Williams is an American activist who helped found the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) in 1992.......
Robert Williams was an American civil rights leader known for taking a militant stance against racism decades before......
Saul Williams is an American rapper, poet, and actor who has been a prominent figure in the scenes of alternative......
Godfrey Wilson was a British anthropologist and analyst of social change in Africa. In 1938 Wilson was appointed......
Henry Wilson was the 18th vice president of the United States (1873–75) in the Republican administration of President......
Witness for Peace (WFP), U.S. nonprofit organization founded in 1983 by faith-based activists in response to the......
Sergey Yulyevich, Count Witte was a Russian minister of finance (1892–1903) and the first constitutional prime......
Annie Turner Wittenmyer was an American relief worker and reformer who helped supply medical aid and dietary assistance......
Stanisław Wojciechowski was one of the leaders in the struggle for Polish independence from Russia in the years......
Wolfenden Report, a study containing recommendations for laws governing sexual behaviour, published in 1957 by......
Women of All Red Nations (WARN), American organization, founded in 1974, that developed out of a group of women......
Women Strike for Peace (WSP), organization that evolved out of an international protest against atmospheric nuclear......
women’s rights movement, diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, that in the 1960s and ’70s......
women’s suffrage, the right of women by law to vote in national or local elections. Women were excluded from voting......
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL), American organization, the first national association dedicated to organizing......
John Wood the Elder was an English architect and town planner who established the physical character of the resort......
John Wood the Younger was a British architect whose work at Bath represents the culmination of the Palladian tradition......
John Woolman was a British-American Quaker leader and abolitionist whose Journal is recognized as one of the classic......
Frances Wright was a Scottish-born American social reformer whose revolutionary views on religion, education, marriage,......
Wudi was the autocratic Chinese emperor (141–87 bc) who vastly increased the authority of the Han dynasty (206......
John Wycliffe was an English theologian, philosopher, church reformer, and promoter of the first complete translation......
Xuanzong was the temple name (miaohao) of the seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty (618–907) of China, which during......
Yamagata Aritomo was a Japanese soldier and statesman who exerted a strong influence in Japan’s emergence as a......
Yang Yan was a minister to the Tang emperor Dezong (reigned 779–805). Yang introduced a new system of taxation......
Yaḥyā was a Zaydī imam of Yemen from 1904 to 1948. When Yaḥyā was a child, Yemen was a province of the Ottoman......
Jack Butler Yeats was the most important Irish painter of the 20th century. His scenes of daily life and Celtic......
Yellow Turbans, Chinese secret society whose members’ uprising, the Yellow Turban Rebellion (184–c. 204 ce), contributed......
Yisrael Beiteinu, Israeli political party established in 1999 by Avigdor Lieberman. Like the Likud Party, Yisrael......
Yongzheng was the reign name (nianhao) of the third emperor (reigned 1722–35) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12),......
Johann Yorck, count von Wartenburg was a Prussian field marshal, reformer, and successful commander during the......
Young Algerians, Algerian nationalist group. Formed shortly before World War I (1914–18), they were a loosely organized......
Young America Movement, philosophical, economic, spiritual, and political concept in vogue in the United States......
Young Ireland, Irish nationalist movement of the 1840s. Begun by a group of Irish intellectuals who founded and......
Young Italy, movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831 to work for a united, republican Italian nation. Attracting......
Young Ottomans, secret Turkish nationalist organization formed in Istanbul in June 1865. A forerunner of other......
Young Tunisians, political party formed in 1907 by young French-educated Tunisian intellectuals in opposition to......
Young Turks, coalition of various reform groups that led a revolutionary movement against the authoritarian regime......
Whitney Young was an American civil rights leader who, as head of the National Urban League from 1961 to 1971,......
Ypsilanti family, Greek family prominent in the 19th century. Early members were Greek Phanariots (residents of......
Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan was a Pakistani politician, diplomat, and international jurist, known particularly for......
Saad Zaghloul was an Egyptian statesman and patriot, leader of the Wafd party and of the nationalist movement of......
Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN), guerrilla group in Mexico, founded in the late 20th century and named......
Zarathushtra was an Iranian religious reformer and prophet, traditionally regarded as the founder of Zoroastrianism.......
Zhang Binglin was a Nationalist revolutionary leader and one of the most prominent Confucian scholars in early......
Zhang Zhidong was a Chinese classicist and provincial official, one of the foremost reformers of his time. Zhang......
Zhao Ziyang was the premier of China (1980–87) and general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (1987–89).......
Vladimir Zhirinovsky was a Russian politician and leader of the far-right Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR)......
Zhu Shunshui was a Chinese scholar and patriot who fled China after the destruction of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).......
Konni Zilliacus was a Finnish patriot and leader of a daring anti-Russian Finnish nationalist group during the......
Nikolaus Ludwig, count von Zinzendorf was a religious and social reformer of the German Pietist movement who, as......
Zveno Group, small political organization that briefly formed a dictatorial regime in Bulgaria (1934–35); the name......
Juan Álvarez was a revolutionary leader for more than 40 years, before and after the end of Spanish rule, and provisional......
Abdullah Öcalan is the leader of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), a militant Kurdish nationalist organization,......
Janis Čakste was a patriot and president (1922–27) of the Republic of Latvia, who, through political activity in......
Ōkawa Shūmei was an ultranationalistic Japanese political theorist whose writings inspired many of the right-wing......
Ōkubo Toshimichi was a Japanese politician and one of the samurai leaders who in 1868 overthrew the Tokugawa family,......
Ōkuma Shigenobu was a politician who twice served as prime minister of Japan (1898; 1914–16). He organized the......
Ōmura Masujirō was a Japanese scholar and soldier popularly regarded in Japan as the founder of the modern Japanese......
Milan Štefánik was a Slovak astronomer and general who, with Tomáš Masaryk and Edvard Beneš, helped found the new......
Jan, Count Žižka was a military commander and national hero of Bohemia who led the victorious Hussite armies against......
ʿAbbās I was the shah of Persia from 1588 to 1629, who strengthened the Safavid dynasty by expelling Ottoman and......
ʿAbbās II was the last khedive (viceroy) of Egypt, from 1892 to 1914, when British hegemony was established. His......
ʿAbbās Mīrzā was the crown prince of the Qājār dynasty of Iran who introduced European military techniques into......
ʿAbd al-Malik was the fifth caliph (685–705 ce) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized......
Muḥammad ʿAbduh was a religious scholar, jurist, and liberal reformer, who led the late 19th-century movement in......
Michel ʿAflaq was a social and political leader who played a major role in the Arab nationalist movement during......
Jaʿfar al-ʿAskarī was an army officer and Iraqi political leader who played an important role in the Arab nationalist......
ʿUrābī Pasha was an Egyptian nationalist who led a social-political movement that expressed the discontent of the......
Saʿīd Ḥammāmī was a Palestinian nationalist who was the London representative of the Palestine Liberation Organization......
Fayṣal ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Ḥusaynī was a Palestinian political leader who, as the most senior Palestine Liberation......