mathematics

Table of Contents

Introduction
Ancient mathematical sources
Mathematics in ancient Mesopotamia
- The numeral system and arithmetic operations
- Geometric and algebraic problems
- Mathematical astronomy
Mathematics in ancient Egypt
- The numeral system and arithmetic operations
- Geometry
- Assessment of Egyptian mathematics
Greek mathematics
- The development of pure mathematics
  - The pre-Euclidean period
  - The Elements
  - The three classical problems
- Geometry in the 3rd century bce
  - Archimedes
  - Apollonius
  - Applied geometry
- Later trends in geometry and arithmetic
  - Greek trigonometry and mensuration
  - Number theory
  - Survival and influence of Greek mathematics
Mathematics in the Islamic world (8th–15th century)
- Origins
- Mathematics in the 9th century
- Mathematics in the 10th century
- Omar Khayyam
- Islamic mathematics to the 15th century
European mathematics during the Middle Ages and Renaissance
- The transmission of Greek and Arabic learning
- The universities
- The Renaissance
Mathematics in the 17th and 18th centuries
- The 17th century
  - Institutional background
  - Numerical calculation
  - Analytic geometry
  - The calculus
    - The precalculus period
    - Newton and Leibniz
- The 18th century
  - Institutional background
  - Analysis and mechanics
  - History of analysis
- Other developments
  - Theory of equations
  - Foundations of geometry
Mathematics in the 19th century
- Projective geometry
- Making the calculus rigorous
- Fourier series
- Elliptic functions
- The theory of numbers
- The theory of equations
- Gauss
- Non-Euclidean geometry
- Riemann
- Riemann’s influence
- Differential equations
- Linear algebra
- The foundations of geometry
- The foundations of mathematics
Mathematics in the 20th and 21st centuries
- Cantor
- Mathematical physics
- Algebraic topology
- Developments in pure mathematics
- Mathematical physics and the theory of groups
- Probabilistic mathematics

References & Edit History Quick Facts & Related Topics

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mathematics: Facts & Related Content

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Facts

Also Known As	math

Photos and Videos

Babylonian mathematical tablet

Ancient Egyptian numerals

Egyptian hieratic numerals

mathematicians of the Greco-Roman world

doubling the volume of a cube

sphere with circumscribing cylinder

angle trisection using a conchoid

Understand the mathematical trick to do subtraction by adding and its implementation in mechanical adding machines

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Topics

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Key People

Mary Cartwright, 1947

Mary Cartwright

British mathematician

Gladys West

American mathematician

Consider how Isaac Newton's discovery of gravity led to a better understanding of planetary motion

Isaac Newton

English physicist and mathematician

Galileo

Galileo

Italian philosopher, astronomer and mathematician

Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell

British logician and philosopher

Alfred North Whitehead

Alfred North Whitehead

British mathematician and philosopher

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

German philosopher and mathematician

Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal

French philosopher and scientist

Helmholtz.

Hermann von Helmholtz

German scientist and philosopher

Werner Heisenberg

Werner Heisenberg

German physicist and philosopher

Archimedes

Archimedes

Greek mathematician

Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron

William Thomson, Baron Kelvin

Scottish engineer, mathematician, and physicist

Giordano Bruno

Giordano Bruno

Italian philosopher

John von Neumann

John von Neumann

American mathematician

Jean Le Rond d'Alembert.

Jean Le Rond d’Alembert

French mathematician and philosopher

Euclid

Euclid

Greek mathematician

Hipparchus

Greek astronomer

Sylvester II, detail from the ivory vessel used at the consecration of Otto III, 996; in the Domschatzkammer des Aachener Domes, Aachen, Ger.

Sylvester II

pope

Henri Poincaré, 1909.

Henri Poincaré

French mathematician

Gottlob Frege

Gottlob Frege

German mathematician and philosopher

Quiz

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