The beginnings of modern theatrical tradition are usually connected with the Prague National Theatre, which was completed in 1881 and funded entirely by small private donations. In the 1930s the “liberated theatre” movement—made popular by two comic actors, Jiří Voskovec and Jan Werich, and the musician Jaroslav Ježek—launched a new genre of political satire. Czech stage designers such as František Tröster, Frantisek Muzika, and Josef Svoboda achieved worldwide recognition. Havel’s best known and most translated plays are Zahradní slavnost (1963; The Garden Party) and Vyrozumění (1965; The Memorandum).

Music

During the 18th century, Bohemia produced a number of musicians and composers who greatly influenced musical styles throughout Europe. Composer Johann Stamitz, the founder of the Mannheim school of symphonists, made key contributions to the development of Classical symphonic form and had a profound influence on Mozart. The Benda family of musicians and composers (see Georg Benda) was also highly influential, as was Josef Myslivecek, whose operas and symphonies were much admired in Italy, where he was known as “il divino Boemo” (“the divine Bohemian”), as well as in his homeland.

During the 19th century, operatic and symphonic music retained its high place in Czech cultural life. Bedřich Smetana was the first composer to inject a noticeable element of Czech nationalism into his work, most notably in his opera Prodaná nevěsta (The Bartered Bride) and his cycle of symphonic poems Má vlast (My Country). Antonín Dvořák, Leoš Janáček, and Bohuslav Martinů, each of whom drew heavily on folk music for inspiration, achieved international fame, and their works often are played at the annual spring music festival held in Prague. Under the batons of distinguished conductors such as Václav Talich, Karel Ančerl, and Václav Neumann, the Czech Philharmonic has developed into one of the world’s leading orchestras.

Since World War II, Czech musicians have gained notice on the European jazz circuit, and jazz-rock keyboardist Jan Hamr (Jan Hammer) won international acclaim for his television and motion picture sound tracks. Traditional folk music continues to have wide appeal among Czechs.

Film

Under communism, the medium of film was valued as a propaganda tool, and the state-supported Czechoslovak motion picture industry produced an average of 30 feature films annually. With the withdrawal of state sponsorship during the 1990s, fewer than 20 films appeared each year. Despite the limitations imposed by a small market, Czech films and film directors have made their mark internationally, especially since the 1960s. Many Czech films were conceived on a small scale, with a sharp focus on the everyday, common life of the people. Among the best known are those of the Czech New Wave period (1962–68), including Miloš Forman’s Lásky jedné plavolvlásky (1965; Loves of a Blonde) and Jiří Menzel’s Closely Watched Trains (1967), which won an Academy Award. Jan Svěrák’s Kolya (1997) also received international attention. There is a strong Czech tradition in producing animated films, with the work of Jiří Trnka and Jan Švankmajer being perhaps the most revered.

Fine, applied, and folk arts

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The architecture of the Czech Republic is rich and varied. Prague is especially noted for its wealth of building styles. Among Prague’s architectural treasures are the Romanesque Church of St. George, which dates from the 10th century, and the twin-spired St. Vitus’s Cathedral, representative of the Gothic style. The city contains many fine Baroque structures, with the Valdštejn and Clam-Gallas palaces and the Antonín Dvořák Museum being some of the most magnificent examples. The Bedřich Smetana Museum is exemplary of the Classical style, and the National Theatre and the National Museum are the principal examples of the Neoclassical style. Notable buildings of the 20th century include those designed in the Cubist style; the first such building now houses the Museum of Czech Cubism.

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The Czechs have a strong tradition in the graphic arts. This includes many forms of caricature: Josef Čapek, the brother of the writer Karel Čapek, is remembered for a series of drawings entitled The Dictator’s Boots, from the time when Adolf Hitler was ascending to power. Much of Czech graphic art derives its inspiration from popular, narrative art, such as the happy marriage between Jaroslav Hašek’s texts and Josef Lada’s illustrations. Since the 19th century, Czech painters and graphic artists have on the whole followed the broad European movements, but realism generally prevails. One of the best-known painters of the19th century was Josef Mánes. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Paris-based Art Nouveau illustrator Alphonse (Alfons) Mucha captured the elusive fin de siècle mood in his paintings and posters, which gained him world renown. During the 20th century, Czech painters such as František Kubka, Emil Filla, Toyen (Marie Cermínová), Jindrich Štyrský, and Josef Šíma were much influenced by Cubism and Surrealism. Painters active during the latter part of the 20th century included Jan Zrzavý, Mikuláš Medek, Jiří Tichý, and Jiří Kolář.

In the applied arts, manufactured glass ornaments, traditional northern Bohemian costume jewelry, and toys are probably the best-known objects. Popular art has been preserved most often in useful ceramic and wood objects; embroideries and traditional costumes have come to be of less importance.