Renaissance Latin literature

The term Renaissance Latin is associated, for 14th-century Italy, mainly with Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, though mention should also be made of the Florentine historian Leonardo Bruni and the humanist scholars Albertino Mussato, Coluccio Salutati, and Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II). In verse there was a general return to classical models and elegance, while in prose Latin was still a necessary medium for the abundant humanistic, scientific, philosophical, and religious literature that was a mark of the new age.

In Italy there were three main centres of learning and literature in the 15th and 16th centuries: Florence, Rome, and Naples. Each had its own circle of writers and scholars. The Florentine group was noted for the Platonist philosophers Poggio Bracciolini, Marsilio Ficino, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, and a poet and scholar, Angelo Poliziano. Rome was the centre for a grammarian, Pietro Bembo, and for Marco Vida, author of a Latin epic on the redemption, while Naples was the home of poets and scholars, notably Giovanni Pontano, Jacopo Sannazzaro, Lorenzo Valla, and Girolamo Fracastoro.

Germany and the Low Countries also made a large contribution in prose and verse to Latin literature in the 15th and 16th centuries. Many humanists owed their early education to the Brethren of the Common Life, a Dutch Christian community that laid great emphasis on the classics. Among these was Desiderius Erasmus, the greatest figure of the northern Renaissance. Bred in the rhetorical tradition of literary humanism, he had little interest in the scientific premonitions of the age. As an editor and expositor of classical texts and the writings of the Church Fathers, as a commentator on the ecclesiastical conflicts of his time, and as a scholar, wit, and satirist, he was unsurpassed by any humanist in northern Europe. A German abbot, Johannes Trithemius, was a historian and scholar with an immense range of interests and knowledge; Conradus Celtis was conspicuous as a humanist and poet; while Petrus Lotichius wrote elegant verse.

Spanish humanism was best seen in the scholar and friend of Erasmus, Juan Vives, while in England the statesman and scholar Sir Thomas More was the outstanding figure. Polydore Virgil, an Italian, brought the new methods of historical writing into England, though a poet and historian, Tito Livio Frulovisi, had written a life of Henry V that influenced later English writers. Among many Latin poets should be mentioned George Buchanan and John Barclay, both Scots. The strong English tradition of classical verse composition in the schools was shown in the Latin poems of such 17th-century poets as John Milton, Henry Vaughan, Richard Crashaw, and Abraham Cowley.

In France, where, as in England, the Renaissance came late, some members of the group of writers known as La Pléiade wrote Latin verse. Despite the eventual triumph of the French vernacular, Latin poems continued to be written, and several hymns composed in classical forms were included in church services in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Until the early 18th century, Latin was recognized as the best medium for historical and scientific work if it were intended to reach a European audience. For this reason Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola, Erasmus and More, and later Francis Bacon, Hugo Grotius, René Descartes, Benedict Spinoza, and Sir Isaac Newton used what was still an international language.