Skirmishes between separatist militias and government forces continued in the east, while the remainder of the country prepared for presidential elections on May 25. Although voting was seriously disrupted in Luhansk and Donetsk, with pro-Russian gunmen occupying polling stations and seizing ballot boxes, turnout elsewhere in the country was strong. Ukrainian billionaire Petro Poroshenko won in a landslide, easily topping the 50 percent mark necessary to secure a victory in the first round of polling. Tymoshenko finished a distant second, with 13 percent of the vote, while candidates from the ultranationalist Svoboda and Right Sector parties received barely 1 percent. In the days following the election, intense fighting resumed in eastern Ukraine. Dozens of pro-Russian separatists were killed in a battle over Donetsk’s international airport, and a Ukrainian military helicopter was shot down outside Slov’yansk, killing all 14 people aboard.

Poroshenko was sworn in as president on June 7, and he immediately set forth a proposal to restore peace in separatist-controlled regions. Fighting continued, however, and Russia was again accused of directly supporting the rebels when a trio of unidentified Soviet-era tanks appeared in Ukrainian towns near the Russian border. On June 14, one day after government forces reclaimed the city of Mariupol, the Ukrainian army suffered its largest single-day loss of life to that point, when rebels shot down a transport plane carrying 49 people as it attempted to land in Luhansk. Poroshenko called a halt to military operations in the east, offering a temporary truce, as well as amnesty to separatists who were willing to lay down their arms. He dispatched former president Kuchma to negotiate with rebel leaders, and they indicated their acceptance of the proposed cease-fire. Putin, citing a desire to help normalize the situation in eastern Ukraine, rescinded an order—issued before the annexation of Crimea—that authorized the use of Russian troops on Ukrainian soil. On June 27, amid strenuous Russian objections, Poroshenko signed the long-delayed association agreement with the EU, pledging closer ties with Europe.

In the following weeks the Ukrainian military recaptured the cities of Slov’yansk and Kramatorsk, which suggested that government forces were making significant headway against the rebels. Separatist militias began to deploy increasingly sophisticated weapons systems, however, and at least 19 Ukrainian soldiers were killed and scores were wounded during one attack in eastern Ukraine when their position was hit by a rocket artillery barrage. As the Ukrainian military became more assertive with its use of attack aircraft, pro-Russian forces intensified their air-defense campaign. On July 14 a Ukrainian transport plane was shot down at an altitude of more than 20,000 feet (6,100 metres), a range far beyond the capabilities of the portable air-defense systems that separatists had used previously. On July 16 a Ukrainian fighter jet was shot down over the Donetsk region, about 12 miles (20 km) from the Russian border. Ukrainian officials blamed both attacks on the Russian military, whom they alleged were taking an active role in the fighting.

The conflict’s civilian death toll jumped dramatically on July 17, when a Malaysia Airlines 777 carrying 298 people crashed in the Donetsk region. Both Ukrainian and pro-Russian forces were quick to deny responsibility for any role in the downing of the jet, which U.S. intelligence analysts confirmed was brought down by a surface-to-air missile. Investigators and recovery workers found their efforts hampered by the pro-Russian forces who controlled the crash site, and days passed before the majority of the bodies could be collected.

As international attention focused on the crash, the government in Kyiv ground to a standstill. Svoboda and UDAR withdrew their support from the ruling coalition, and Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk, frustrated at the pace of legislative action, announced his resignation. Parliament ultimately rejected Yatsenyuk’s resignation after agreeing to his proposed budget amendments, but Poroshenko proceeded with a call for early elections to be held in October 2014. In the east, the area under separatist control continued to recede, as the Ukrainian military steadily advanced on the rebel strongholds of Donetsk and Luhansk. Although Russia continued to deny involvement in the conflict, in August Moscow confirmed that a squad of Russian paratroopers had been captured while inside Ukraine. After Ukrainian authorities released video interviews of the prisoners, Russian military officials stated that the soldiers had accidentally crossed the border.

Ukrainian government troops experienced a sharp reversal of fortunes in late August, when rebel forces opened a new front in the south, taking the city of Novoazovs’k and threatening the key port of Mariupol. Poroshenko flatly declared that Russian forces had entered Ukraine, and NATO analysts estimated that more than 1,000 Russian troops were actively participating in the conflict. On September 5 the governments of Ukraine and Russia met with separatist leaders in Minsk, Belarus, and agreed to a cease-fire that temporarily slowed, but did not stop, the violence. With an eye on the future, Poroshenko proposed a series of political and economic reforms that were designed to prepare Ukraine to apply for EU membership in 2020. Poroshenko’s mandate received approval from voters on October 26, when pro-Western parties triumphed in snap parliamentary elections.

On November 2 separatists held local elections in Donetsk and Luhansk in violation of the Minsk cease-fire agreement. Ukrainian and Western authorities dismissed the results, which predictably favoured separatist candidates, and, although Russia initially stated that it would recognize the elections, it later walked back those comments, saying that it would “respect” them instead. Poroshenko responded by vowing to rescind an agreement that would have granted additional autonomy to Donetsk and Luhansk. By year’s end, fighting had reached its previous levels. In January 2015 the United Nations estimated that more than 5,000 people had been killed since the beginning of hostilities. By that point the cease-fire agreement had been largely discarded by both sides. Although the Russian economy had been pushed into recession by a combination of Western sanctions and low oil prices, advanced Russian military equipment continued to appear in eastern Ukraine, as a separatist offensive pushed back government forces. In late January rebels occupied the fiercely contested Donetsk airport—little more than a ruin after months of heavy fighting—and they intensified efforts to capture the government-held town of Debaltseve. Hundreds were killed in the shelling of civilian areas in the conflict zone, including at least 30 in a separatist rocket attack on Mariupol, and world leaders pressed for a diplomatic solution to the crisis.

On February 12, 2015, the leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany agreed on a 12-point peace plan that proposed, among other things, the cessation of fighting, the withdrawal of heavy weapons, the release of prisoners, and the removal of foreign troops from Ukrainian territory. The tenuous peace held, and heavy weapons were pulled back by both sides in early September 2015. Frequent violations of the truce left over 9,000 dead and more than 20,000 wounded by year’s end, however. Citing research from Russian human rights groups, Ukrainian authorities estimated that over 2,000 Russian troops had been killed since the beginning of fighting in April 2014. Russian officials continued to deny any involvement in the conflict, and in May 2015 Putin signed a decree banning the release of information about the deaths of Russian soldiers during “special operations.”

As the situation in the east settled into a frozen conflict, Ukrainians grew impatient with the pace of political and economic reform. Although the Poroshenko administration had promised transparency and a renewed effort to stamp out endemic corruption, it could claim few real successes. In May 2015 Poroshenko tapped former Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili to serve as governor of the Odessa region, but Saakashvili soon encountered resistance from Kyiv as a tug-of-war developed between anti-corruption crusaders and politicians aligned with the country’s oligarchs. Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk narrowly survived a vote of no confidence in February 2016, and he resigned in April of that year. Poroshenko quickly moved to install his ally Volodymyr Groysman as prime minister, but he was dogged by revelations about his use of offshore tax shelters during his tenure as president. A leak of documents from the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca unveiled a money-laundering and tax-evasion operation of breathtaking scope, implicating dozens of public figures and politicians from around the globe. Poroshenko denied any wrongdoing and stated that he had fully complied with the law.

Poroshenko’s public approval rating sagged into the single digits approaching the 2019 presidential election, but a pair of events in late 2018 boosted his popularity. In November 2018 Russian naval vessels in the Kerch Strait fired on Ukrainian ships and seized both the ships and their crews. Poroshenko declared martial law in 10 regions, the first time such a step had been taken since Ukraine’s independence from the Soviet Union. Ukraine also appealed to the United Nations, and the General Assembly voted in favour of a resolution that called on Russia to withdraw its forces from Crimea and to end its occupation of Ukrainian territory. Russia ignored the resolution and continued to expand its military presence in Crimea, but the clash seemed to legitimize Poroshenko’s reelection campaign slogan, “Army, language, faith.”

The third of those pillars would be the focus of Poroshenko’s major pre-election policy initiative—namely, the creation of an independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The Orthodox churches of Ukraine had been under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate since the 17th century, but in December 2018 Poroshenko and Orthodox leaders announced a break with Moscow. Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I formally granted the Ukrainian Orthodox Church autocephalous (independent) status in January 2019; by this point, the Russian Orthodox Church had already severed ties with Constantinople and the ecumenical patriarchate in protest.

The Zelensky-Trump phone call and the COVID-19 pandemic

Some $400 million in military aid for Ukraine had been approved by the U.S. Congress, but U.S. Pres. Donald Trump put a hold on the funds prior to a July 25, 2019, phone call with Zelensky. During that call, Trump urged Zelensky to investigate the son of a political opponent, Democratic U.S. presidential candidate Joe Biden, who had served on the board of one of Ukraine’s largest natural gas companies. Over a month later the military aid was finally released, but, by that point, U.S. congressional Democrats were investigating Trump’s alleged attempt to pressure Ukraine. That investigation eventually served as the basis for an impeachment inquiry against Trump that was launched on September 24, 2019. Trump was acquitted by the U.S. Senate in a largely party-line vote, and he responded by purging senior U.S. government and national security officials whom he regarded as insufficiently loyal. Lieut. Col. Alexander Vindman, the top Ukraine expert on the National Security Council, was fired, and the post of U.S. ambassador to Ukraine would remain vacant beyond the end of Trump’s term.

Beginning in 2020, the spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to massive disruptions of daily life in Ukraine, and the Ukrainian economy took a sharp hit from lockdowns and the closure of nonessential businesses. The situation was especially dire in the Donbas, as infrastructure damage from the Russian-backed insurgency led to serious disruptions of the water supply. Zelensky’s national mitigation strategy against COVID-19, the potentially deadly disease caused by the virus, put him at odds with some local politicians who sought to assert their independence under 2014 government decentralization reforms, and this clash would have a significant effect on local elections in October 2020. Local parties dominated mayoral races, while national parties, including Zelensky’s Servant of the People party, struggled. The poor showing in local elections also reflected an overall decline in Zelensky’s public approval. There appeared to be little progress on the populist reform agenda that had swept him into office, and the conflict in the Donbas remained unsettled. While Zelensky did manage to address the former matter with the passage of a law intended to curb the influence of oligarchs, the latter issue would soon devolve into the greatest threat to regional stability since the end of the Cold War.