petroleum refining: Fractional distillation: …part of the column, called stripping trays, which act to remove any light constituents remaining in the liquid. Steam is injected into the bottom of the column in order to reduce the partial pressure of the hydrocarbons and assist in the separation. Typically a single sidestream is withdrawn from the…

Demi Moore: Becoming the highest-paid actress in the 1990s: …for her lead role in Striptease (1996), Moore became Hollywood’s highest-paid actress, on par with some male performers. Moore, however, received intense backlash in the media, often being portrayed as greedy and being called “Gimme Moore.” Moore’s next film, G.I. Jane (1997), was produced by her company, Moving Pictures. For…

burlesque show: The addition of striptease dancing, the illogical conclusion of a process that had begun with the belly dancing of Little Egypt at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893), established such stars as Ann Corio, Gypsy Rose Lee, Margie Hart, and Georgia Southern. Censorship and “clean-up” policies, and…

wood owl, (genus Strix), any of approximately 20 species of birds of prey of the genus Strix, family Strigidae, characterized by a conspicuous facial disk but lacking ear tufts. Wood owls occur in woodlands and forests in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The name wood owl is also applied to members

wood owl: The tawny owl (S. aluco), of Europe, Central Asia, Africa’s Mediterranean Sea coast, and the Levant, is brown or tawny, spotted with white, and barred in dark brown. These owls nest primarily in broad-leaved woodlands; however, they also nest in cliffs, burrows, trees, and buildings in…

owl: Reproduction and development: The great gray owl (Strix nebulosa) occasionally constructs its own platform nest in a tree. In desert areas the smaller owls rely primarily on holes made by woodpeckers in large cacti. Intense competition has been observed among nesting birds, including owls, for occupancy of a limited…

wood owl: The spotted owl (S. occidentalis), of western North America, spotted above and barred beneath, is about 40 to 50 cm long. Because of the continued decline of most populations and the spotted owl’s strong preference for old-growth coniferous or mixed pine-oak woodlands (which are subject to…

minimum viable population: MVP and species management: …MVP is that for the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), which is found in the coniferous and mixed-hardwood forests of the northwestern United States and of British Columbia. The owl depends on old-growth trees with hollows for nesting sites, but heavy logging in the region during the 1970s and…

wood owl: The barred owl (Strix varia) has an overall barred pattern in brown and white. It is about 40 to 50 cm (1.3 to 1.7 feet) long. Found primarily in eastern North America, barred owls occur across the length of southern Canada and to the U.S. Pacific…

Strobane, (trademark), of a chlorine-containing organic compound used as an insecticide. See

cnidarian: Reproduction and life cycles: This process, called strobilation, results in eight-armed, free-swimming ephyrae.

cnidarian: Reproduction and life cycles: This process, called strobilation, results in eight-armed, free-swimming ephyrae.

cnidarian: Reproduction and life cycles: This process, called strobilation, results in eight-armed, free-swimming ephyrae.

cone, in botany, mass of scales or bracts, usually ovate in shape, containing the reproductive organs of certain nonflowering plants. The cone, a distinguishing feature of pines and other conifers, is also found on all gymnosperms, on some club mosses, and on

cnidarian: Reproduction and life cycles: This process, called strobilation, results in eight-armed, free-swimming ephyrae.

number game: Number patterns and curiosities: Strobogrammatic numbers read the same after having been rotated through 180°; e.g., 69, 96, 1001.

stroboscope, instrument that provides intermittent illumination of a rotating or vibrating object in order to study the motion of the object or to determine its rotary speed or vibration frequency. A machine part, for example, may be made to appear to slow down or stop; the effect is achieved by

movement perception: Stroboscopic effect: When a rotating electric fan is illuminated by a flashing light source (called a stroboscope) so that a flash arrives whenever a fan blade passes a fixed position, the blades will seem to stand still. This is a useful way of observing fast-moving…

Harold Edgerton: …and was thus an ideal stroboscope. With his new flash Edgerton was able to photograph the action of such things as drops of milk falling into a saucer, a tennis racket hitting a ball, and bullets hitting a steel plate or traveling at speeds of up to 2,800 feet (853…

Uno Cygnaeus: …later embodied in his brief Strodda Tankar (Eng. trans. Stray Thoughts on the Intended Primary Schools in Finland).

William Strode was a leader of the Puritan opposition to England’s King Charles I and one of the five members of the House of Commons whom the king tried to impeach in January 1642. The incident enraged the Commons and caused it to begin preparing for war with the Royalists. Strode, who first

Woody Strode was an American character actor who was part of director John Ford’s "family" of actors, appearing in nearly a dozen of Ford’s films. Strode also had a brief career as a professional gridiron football player and was among the first African Americans to play in the National Football

Woody Strode was an American character actor who was part of director John Ford’s "family" of actors, appearing in nearly a dozen of Ford’s films. Strode also had a brief career as a professional gridiron football player and was among the first African Americans to play in the National Football

Alfredo Stroessner was a military leader, who became president of Paraguay after leading an army coup in 1954. One of Latin America’s longest-serving rulers, he was overthrown in 1989. Stroessner, the son of a German immigrant, attended the Military College in Asunción and was commissioned in the

Alfredo Stroessner was a military leader, who became president of Paraguay after leading an army coup in 1954. One of Latin America’s longest-serving rulers, he was overthrown in 1989. Stroessner, the son of a German immigrant, attended the Military College in Asunción and was commissioned in the

Stroganov Family, wealthy Russian family of merchants, probably of Tatar origin, famous for their colonizing activities in the Urals and in Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries. The earliest mention of the family occurs in 15th-century documents that refer to their trading in one of the provinces

St. Petersburg: The rise to splendour: …Convent, and the Vorontsov and Stroganov palaces, among others; outside the city were built the summer palaces of Peterhof and of Tsarskoye Selo (now Pushkin). After a transitional period dominated by the architecture of Jean-Baptiste M. Vallin de la Mothe and Aleksandr Kokorinov, toward the end of the 18th century…

Stroganov school, school of icon painting that flourished in Russia in the late 16th and 17th centuries. The original patrons of this group of artists were the wealthy Stroganov family, colonizers in northeastern Russia; but the artists perfected their work in the service of the tsar and his family

Stroganov Family: In 1515 Anika (Ioanniki) Stroganov started salt mining in Solvychegodsk; and in 1558 Tsar Ivan IV made a grant of lands along the Kama and Chusovaya rivers to Grigory Stroganov. The Stroganovs were allowed to attract inhabitants to those territories, to build towns, and to maintain their own armed…

Stroganov Family: …Kama and Chusovaya rivers to Grigory Stroganov. The Stroganovs were allowed to attract inhabitants to those territories, to build towns, and to maintain their own armed forces for defense, and they were exempted from taxes for 20 years. They engaged in salt and iron mining and in the timber and…

Stroganov Family: In 1688 Grigory Dmitriyevich Stroganov (1650–1715) became the sole owner of all the family’s vast estates. He built and equipped two naval vessels for Peter I the Great and aided him financially. He was made a baron. In 1798 the tsar Paul I raised Grigory Dmitriyevich’s heirs…

Stroganov Family: In 1515 Anika (Ioanniki) Stroganov started salt mining in Solvychegodsk; and in 1558 Tsar Ivan IV made a grant of lands along the Kama and Chusovaya rivers to Grigory Stroganov. The Stroganovs were allowed to attract inhabitants to those territories, to build towns, and to maintain their own armed…

Russia: Government: …talented was the young count Pavel Stroganov, were against any limitation on the power of the tsar. Whereas the oligarchs wished to make the Senate an important centre of power and to have it elected by senior officials and country nobility, Stroganov maintained that if this were done the sovereign…

Stroganov Family: In 1566 Yakov Stroganov petitioned Ivan IV to include the Stroganov estates in the oprichnina—i.e., in the crown land administered under the personal control of the tsar. This request was granted in August 1566. A new grant of land in 1568 considerably increased their estates.

Erich von Stroheim was one of the most critically respected motion-picture directors of the 20th century, best known for the uncompromising realism and accuracy of detail in his films. He also wrote screenplays and won recognition as an actor, notably for roles as sadistic, monocled Prussian

Erich von Stroheim was one of the most critically respected motion-picture directors of the 20th century, best known for the uncompromising realism and accuracy of detail in his films. He also wrote screenplays and won recognition as an actor, notably for roles as sadistic, monocled Prussian

Guillain-Barré syndrome: Historical developments: André Strohl found that patients with symptoms of a condition resembling Landry paralysis had elevated concentrations of protein in their cerebrospinal fluid. In 1919, Guillain and Barré acknowledged Landry paralysis in a report describing a fatal case of the syndrome they had observed. The condition…

gasoline engine: Combustion chamber: …and VBDC locations is the stroke. The ratio of VTDC to VBDC normalized to the VTDC value—i.e., (VBDC/VTDC):1—is the compression ratio of a reciprocating engine. Compression ratio is the most important factor affecting the theoretical efficiency of the engine cycle. Because increasing the compression ratio is the best way to…

stroke, sudden impairment of brain function resulting either from a substantial reduction in blood flow to some part of the brain or from intracranial bleeding. The consequences of stroke may include transient or lasting paralysis on one or both sides of the body, difficulties in speaking or

golf: Match and medal play: Stroke play requires a greater degree of consistency in a player, for one hole where he lapses into a high figure can ruin his total and cost him victory. The same high score on a hole in match play means only the loss of that…

cardiac output, in human physiology, volume of blood expelled by either ventricle of the heart. It is customarily expressed as minute volume, or litres of blood per minute, calculated as the product of stroke volume (output of either ventricle per heartbeat) and the number of beats per minute.

Burt Reynolds: …Whorehouse in Texas (1982), and Stroker Ace (1983).

the Strokes, American rock group often credited with having spearheaded a revival of 1960s-style garage rock in the early 21st century. Although their songs hinted at a rough-and-tumble life, the Strokes were composed mainly of privileged sons of the New York City elite. Singer Julian Casablancas

musical notation: Tempo and duration: …linking successive notes together by beaming, or stroking. Two eighth notes may be linked together as shown in (a); four sixteenth notes (b); or a mixed group of values (c):

epistemology: Later analytic epistemology: Avrum Stroll (1921–2013), for example, argued that the views of skeptics such as Mates, as well those of many other modern proponents of indirect perception, rest on a conceptual mistake: the failure to distinguish between scientific and philosophical accounts of the connection between sense experience…

photosynthesis: Structural features: , the lamellae) and the stroma, a colourless matrix in which the lamellae are embedded. Also visible are starch granules, which appear as dense bodies.

human eye: The outermost coat: …outer covering; Bowman’s membrane; the stroma, or supporting structure; Descemet’s membrane; and the endothelium, or inner lining. Up to 90 percent of the thickness of the cornea is made up of the stroma. The epithelium, which is a continuation of the epithelium of the conjunctiva, is itself made up of…

stroma, in fungi (kingdom Fungi), cushionlike plate of solid mycelium (masses of filaments that form the body of a typical fungus) formed by many members. Vegetative and reproductive structures are borne on or in

Susan Stroman is an American director and choreographer who amassed numerous Tony Awards and other honours for her innovative work in musical theatre. Stroman grew up in a home in which music was prized. She loved watching Fred Astaire movies and later admitted that, even when she was very young,

stroma, in fungi (kingdom Fungi), cushionlike plate of solid mycelium (masses of filaments that form the body of a typical fungus) formed by many members. Vegetative and reproductive structures are borne on or in

butterfish, any of the thin, deep-bodied, more or less oval and silvery fishes of the family Stromateidae (order Perciformes). Butterfishes are found in warm and temperate seas and are characterized by a small mouth, forked tail, and a single dorsal fin. Like the related rudderfishes

St. Clement of Alexandria: Early life and career: …but from another place” (Strōmateis), prepared the way for the curriculum of the catechetical school under Origen that became the basis of the medieval quadrivium and trivium (i.e., the liberal arts). This view, however, did not find ready acceptance by the uneducated orthodox Christians of Alexandria, who looked askance…

perciform: Annotated classification: Suborder Stromateoidei 6 percoidlike families with an unusual and characteristic feature, a toothed saccular outgrowth in the gullet directly behind the last gill arch. 1 family, the Amarsipidae, lacks the toothed saccular outgrowth in the gullet. Families Stromateidae, Centrolophidae, Nomeidae,

stromatolite, layered deposit, mainly of limestone, formed by the growth of blue-green algae (primitive one-celled organisms). These structures are usually characterized by thin, alternating light and dark layers that may be flat, hummocky, or dome-shaped. The alternating layers are largely

Stromatoporida, extinct order of corals found as fossils in marine rocks of Cambrian to Cretaceous age (542 million to 65.5 million years ago). The stromatoporidian corals were colonial forms that consisted of dense laminated masses of calcium carbonate; some forms constructed reeflike

Devonian Period: Sediment types: …reefs are largely formed of stromatoporoids. These marine invertebrates suddenly vanished almost entirely by the end of the Frasnian Age, after which reefs were formed locally of cyanobacterian stromatolites. Other areas have reefs formed by mud mounds, and there are spectacular examples in southern Morocco, southern Algeria, and Mauritania. Also…

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Strombacea Foot and operculum greatly modified and move with a lurching motion; feed on algae and plants; some species used for human food; conchs (Strombidae) of tropical oceans and the pelican’s foot shells (Aporrhaidae) of near Arctic waters. Superfamily Calyptraeacea

gastropod: Classification: …for human food; conchs (Strombidae) of tropical oceans and the pelican’s foot shells (Aporrhaidae) of near Arctic waters. Superfamily Calyptraeacea Cap shells (Capulidae) and slipper shells (Calyptraeidae) are limpets with irregularly shaped shells with a small internal cup or shelf; many species show sex

Ingrid Bergman: Scandal and later films: During the filming of Stromboli (1950), Bergman began a love affair with the Italian director Roberto Rossellini, and they had a son before she obtained a divorce from her first husband. A scandal ensued—a U.S. senator notably called her “a horrible example of womanhood and a powerful influence for…

Stromboli Island, northeasternmost of the Eolie (Lipari) Islands, in the Tyrrhenian Sea (of the Mediterranean), off northeastern Sicily. It has an area of 5 square miles (12 square km). Of volcanic formation, the island is still active, and fluid lava flows continuously from its crater to the sea,

volcano: Six types of eruptions: …outbursts, Stromboli volcano, located on Stromboli Island off the northeast coast of Italy, has been called the “lighthouse of the Mediterranean.”

volcano: Six types of eruptions: Strombolian eruptions involve moderate bursts of expanding gases that eject clots of incandescent lava in cyclical or nearly continuous small eruptions. Because of such small frequent outbursts, Stromboli volcano, located on Stromboli Island off the northeast coast of Italy, has been called the “lighthouse of…

gastropod: Reproduction and life cycles: Strombus can lay a tubular string of eggs 23 metres (75 feet) long, with up to 460,000 eggs. Many snails in the genus Conus cement up to 1.5 million eggs in capsules on the undersides of rocks. Opisthobranchs weave delicate ribbons of eggs in colourful…

conch: The queen conch (Strombus gigas), found from Florida to Brazil, has an attractive ornamental shell; the aperture, or opening into the first whorl in the shell, is pink and may be 30 cm (12 inches) long. Spider conchs, with prongs on the lip, belong to the…

recitative: The second variety, recitativo stromentato, or accompanied recitative, has stricter rhythm and more involved, often orchestral accompaniment. Used at dramatically important moments, it is more emotional in character. Its vocal line is more melodic, and typically it leads into a formal aria.

Spinosaurus: …was named by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915 on the basis of the discovery of a partial skeleton from Bahariya Oasis in western Egypt by his assistant Richard Markgraf. These fossils were destroyed in April 1944 when British aircraft inadvertently bombed the museum in Munich in which they were…

basilosaurid: Stromerius nidensis was described in 2007 and dated to the late Eocene of Egypt; it is the only species classified in subfamily Stromeriinae.

cadmium: Properties, occurrence, and uses: Friedrich Stromeyer, a German chemist, discovered the element (1817) in a sample of zinc carbonate, and, in the same year, K.S.L. Hermann and J.C.H. Roloff found cadmium in a specimen of zinc oxide. Both zinc compounds were being examined because their purity as pharmaceuticals was…

stromeyerite, a sulfide mineral of copper and silver (CuAgS) that occurs as compact masses with copper and lead minerals in deposits at Altai, Siberia, Russia; Santiago, Chile; and Butte, Mont., U.S. Stromeyerite is a member of a group of sulfide minerals that form crystals of the isometric system

astronomy: Investigations of interstellar matter: …II region, known as a Strömgren sphere. Such regions are strong and characteristic emitters of radiation at radio wavelengths, and their dimensions are well calibrated in terms of the luminosity of the central star. Using radio interferometers, astronomers are able to measure the angular diameters of H II regions even…

Bengt Strömgren was a Danish astrophysicist who pioneered the present-day knowledge of the gas clouds in space. Son of the noted Swedish-born Danish astronomer Svante Elis Strömgren, he early developed an interest in astronomy. He collaborated with his father on several works of astronomy and in

Bengt Strömgren was a Danish astrophysicist who pioneered the present-day knowledge of the gas clouds in space. Son of the noted Swedish-born Danish astronomer Svante Elis Strömgren, he early developed an interest in astronomy. He collaborated with his father on several works of astronomy and in

comet: The modern era: In 1914 Swedish-born Danish astronomer Elis Strömgren published a special list of cometary orbits. Strömgren took the well-determined orbits of long-period comets and projected them backward in time to before the comets had entered the planetary region. He then referenced the orbits to the barycentre (the centre of mass) of…

Drammen, city, southeastern Norway. Located at the junction of the Drams River with Drams Fjord, southwest of Oslo, the site was first settled in the 13th century as two separate communities, Bragernes and Strømsøy. Each was granted common town privileges in 1715. In 1811 they merged with Tangen to

cable-stayed bridge: Early examples, such as the Strömsund Bridge in Sweden (1956), used just two cables fastened at nearly the same point high on the tower and fanning out to support the deck at widely separated points. By contrast, the Oberkasseler Bridge, built over the Rhine River in Düsseldorf, Germany, in 1973,…

flow meter, Device that measures the velocity of a gas or liquid. It has applications in medicine as well as in chemical engineering, aeronautics, and meteorology. Examples include pitot tubes, venturi tubes, and rotameters (tapered graduated tubes with a float inside that is supported by the

Austria: Austria in the European Union: …diluted when Austrian-born Canadian billionaire Frank Stronach announced in September 2012 that he was forming a new political party. Called Team Stronach, the party promoted an antiestablishment, pro-business agenda that favoured lower corporate taxes and disengagement from the weaker euro-zone economies. The Freedom Party suffered a series of reverses in…

artificial intelligence: Artificial general intelligence (AGI), applied AI, and cognitive simulation: AGI (also called strong AI) aims to build machines that think. The ultimate ambition of AGI is to produce a machine whose overall intellectual ability is indistinguishable from that of a human being. As is described in the section Early milestones in AI, this goal generated great interest…

Romsey: …prevalent during the heyday of Strong and Co. of Romsey Ltd. The brewing company was registered in 1894 and was sold in 1969 to Whitbread, which ceased brewing in Romsey in 1981. Pop. (2001) 14,647; (2011) 14,768.

anthropic principle: Forms of the anthropic principle: …WAP be distinguished from a strong anthropic principle (SAP), which posits that life must exist in the universe. This has been cast as a teleological statement: the universe has been fine-tuned in order to ensure that life arises. Analysis of this statement lies outside the domain of science. (Alternatively, if…

artificial intelligence: Artificial general intelligence (AGI), applied AI, and cognitive simulation: AGI (also called strong AI) aims to build machines that think. The ultimate ambition of AGI is to produce a machine whose overall intellectual ability is indistinguishable from that of a human being. As is described in the section Early milestones in AI, this goal generated great interest…

beer: Types of beer: …gave the best-quality beer, called strong beer, and a third extract yielded the poorest-quality beer, called small beer. In the 18th century London brewers departed from this practice and produced porter. Made from a mixture of malt extracts, porter was a strong, dark-coloured, highly hopped beer consumed by the market…

Wole Soyinka: …more serious plays, such as The Strong Breed (1963), Kongi’s Harvest (opened the first Festival of Negro Arts in Dakar, 1966; published 1967), The Road (1965), From Zia, with Love (1992), and even the parody King Baabu (performed 2001; published 2002), reveal his disregard for African authoritarian leadership and his…

Eliot Spitzer: …the Wisconsin-based company he founded, Strong Capital Management, agreed to pay fines of $60 million and $80 million, respectively, in addition to other penalties for unacceptable methods such as market timing, or short-term and rapid trades. His investigations into the financial industry earned him the nickname “the sheriff of Wall…

soap and detergent: Boiling process: During the next step, called strong change, strong caustic solution is added to the mass, which is then boiled to remove the last of the free fat.

formal logic: Axiomatization of PC: ) It is strongly complete if the addition to it (as an extra axiom) of any wff whatever that is not already a theorem would make the system inconsistent. Finally, an axiom or transformation rule is independent (in a given axiomatic system) if it cannot be derived from…

cereal processing: Wheat: varieties and characteristics: …describe the type of flour, strong flours being preferred for bread manufacture and weak flours for cakes and biscuits. Strong flours are high in protein content, and their gluten has a pleasing elasticity; weak flours are low in protein, and their weak, flowy gluten produces a soft, flowy dough.

particle accelerator: Electron synchrotrons: Strong focusing was first applied to the electron synchrotron in the 1.2-GeV device built in 1954 at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. All large electron synchrotrons now are equipped with linear accelerators as injectors. The practical limit on the energy of an electron synchrotron is…

strong force, a fundamental interaction of nature that acts between subatomic particles of matter. The strong force binds quarks together in clusters to make more-familiar subatomic particles, such as protons and neutrons. It also holds together the atomic nucleus and underlies interactions between

strong force, a fundamental interaction of nature that acts between subatomic particles of matter. The strong force binds quarks together in clusters to make more-familiar subatomic particles, such as protons and neutrons. It also holds together the atomic nucleus and underlies interactions between

Kosrae, easternmost of the Caroline Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, western Pacific Ocean. Kosrae is volcanic in origin and hilly, rising to 2,064 feet (629 metres) at Mount Finkol (Crozier). Fertile and well-watered, Kosrae produces taro, oranges, breadfruit, and bananas and has valuable

probability theory: The strong law of large numbers: The mathematical relation between these two experiments was recognized in 1909 by the French mathematician Émile Borel, who used the then new ideas of measure theory to give a precise mathematical model and to formulate what is now called the…

Harry Langdon: …team before the making of The Strong Man (1926), which was directed by Capra. In this film, Langdon is in love with a blind girl, a plot device Chaplin borrowed for City Lights (1931). Long Pants (1927), again directed by Capra, was Langdon’s third hit comedy. Audiences loved the innocent…

Jonathan Franzen: Franzen’s second novel, Strong Motion (1992), draws on the author’s experience working in the field of seismology. Set in Boston, it tells of a Harvard seismologist who discovers a link between unexplained earthquakes and the disposal of chemical waste.

strong force, a fundamental interaction of nature that acts between subatomic particles of matter. The strong force binds quarks together in clusters to make more-familiar subatomic particles, such as protons and neutrons. It also holds together the atomic nucleus and underlies interactions between

Germanic languages: Conjugations: …innovations: (1) In the “strong” verb, Germanic transformed Proto-Indo-European ablaut into a specific tense marker (e.g., Proto-Indo-European *bher-, *bhor-, *bhēr-, *bhṛ- in Old English beran ‘bear,’ past singular bær, past plural bæron, past participle boren). (2) In the “weak” verb, Germanic developed a new type of past and past…

nitric acid, (HNO3), colourless, fuming, and highly corrosive liquid (freezing point −42 °C [−44 °F], boiling point 83 °C [181 °F]) that is a common laboratory reagent and an important industrial chemical for the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives. It is toxic and can cause severe burns. The

evolution: Religious criticism and acceptance: Thus, A.H. Strong, the president of Rochester Theological Seminary in New York state, wrote in his Systematic Theology (1885): “We grant the principle of evolution, but we regard it as only the method of divine intelligence.” The brutish ancestry of human beings was not incompatible with…

Anna Louise Strong was an American journalist and author who published numerous articles and books about developments in the nascent Soviet Union and then in communist China, based on her extensive travel in and firsthand knowledge of those countries. Strong grew up in Friend, Nebraska, in

Great Depression: Banking panics and monetary contraction: …the death in 1928 of Benjamin Strong, who had been the governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York since 1914, was a significant cause of this inaction. Strong had been a forceful leader who understood the ability of the central bank to limit panics. His death left a…