The 1980 Games marked the second time the small upstate New York town hosted the Winter Olympics. But, in the age of television and increasing numbers of spectators, Lake Placid was ill-equipped to handle the demands of a modern Games. Transportation was inadequate to move the crowds, and athletes complained about the confinement of the Olympic Village, which would later be used to house juvenile offenders. While the sports facilities were praised, they were spread throughout the area, making it difficult for spectators to view the events. In addition, organizers were forced to use artificial snow—an Olympic first. International politics also dampened the Games. Only months before, the Soviet Union had invaded Afghanistan, and U.S. President Jimmy Carter was already threatening a boycott of the 1980 Summer Games, scheduled to be held in Moscow.

The sporting action, however, was memorable, as Lake Placid provided stunning victories for the Americans. The U.S. ice hockey team defeated the powerful Soviets, the dominant team in international hockey over the previous decade and Olympic champions since 1964, en route to winning the gold medal. Almost overshadowed by the success of the hockey team was Eric Heiden’s record-breaking performance as he swept the speed skating events, becoming the first athlete to win five individual gold medals at a single Olympic Games. An instant celebrity, he was uncomfortable with the media attention and later that year retired from the sport.

The Alpine skiing competition starred a Swede and a Liechtensteiner. Ingemar Stenmark (Sweden) captured the gold in the slalom and giant slalom only five months after suffering a serious concussion during a practice run. The leader in the women’s competition was Hanni Wenzel (Liechtenstein), who won gold medals in the slalom and giant slalom and a silver in the downhill; her gold medals were the first Olympic titles for the tiny country of Liechtenstein. Her brother Andreas also won a silver medal in the downhill.

The Games marked the final appearance of one of figure skating’s stars, Irina Rodnina (U.S.S.R.), who won her third consecutive title in the pairs competition. Cross-country skier Nikolay Zimyatov (U.S.S.R.) won three gold medals, and Ivan Lebanov brought home Bulgaria’s first Winter Olympic medal, a bronze in the 30-km race.

Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, 1984

The awarding of the 14th Winter Olympics to Sarajevo (now in Bosnia and Herzegovina) caught many by surprise, including the host country, which went to work building new facilities and making improvements to others in order to accommodate the Games. The choice of Sarajevo proved appropriate, however, as the 1984 Games were highlighted by the appearance of smaller countries. In order to encourage participation, the IOC agreed to pay the expenses of one male and one female participant from each nation. Egypt, the British Virgin Islands, Monaco, Puerto Rico, and Senegal made their Winter Olympics debuts as a record number of countries (49) competed at Sarajevo. The Olympics were a triumph for Yugoslavia.

Much of the Games’ excitement occurred in the figure skating events. Gold-medal-winning ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean (U.K.) redefined the sport with their mesmerizing interpretation of Maurice Ravel’s Boléro. The women’s event featured the Olympic debut of Katarina Witt (East Germany), who narrowly defeated the defending world champion Rosalynn Sumners (U.S.) for the gold medal. In the men’s competition Scott Hamilton (U.S.) edged out Brian Orser (Canada) to win the gold. The pairs title went to Soviets Oleg Vasilyev and Yelena Valova.

On the slopes the U.S. ski team was especially successful. American Bill Johnson captured the first-ever U.S. gold medal in the downhill event. In the men’s slalom twin brothers Phil and Steve Mahre (U.S.) took the gold and silver, respectively. Debbie Armstrong (U.S.) won her first and only international race, capturing gold in the giant slalom. Conspicuously absent from the Alpine events were 1980 gold medalists Ingemar Stenmark (Sweden) and Hanni Wenzel (Liechtenstein), who were considered professionals and were thus banned from Olympic competition.

The most successful athlete at Sarajevo was Nordic skier Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen (Finland), who captured three gold medals and one bronze. In the ski jump competition, Finn Matti Nykänen won the large hill by the biggest margin in the history of the sport. He also added a silver medal in the normal hill event. The East German women dominated the speed skating competition, led by Karin Enke (two gold and two silver medals), Andrea Schöne (one gold and two silver), and Christa Luding-Rothenburger (one gold). In the men’s events Gaétan Boucher (Canada) captured two gold medals and one bronze.

The Soviet Union regained the title in ice hockey to match Canada’s record of six Olympic gold medals in the sport. The Soviets were led by the outstanding goaltending of Vladislav Tretiak, who allowed only five goals in seven games. It was his third gold medal.

Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1988

The city of Calgary first organized a bidding committee for the Winter Olympics in 1957; 24 years later it was awarded the 15th Winter Games. The influence of television on the Games spread even deeper. The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) paid $309 million for the television rights, and advertisers were able to influence the starting times of events to maximize their products’ exposure. Many charged that the Games resembled well-rehearsed shows instead of sporting contests.

In figure skating Katarina Witt (East Germany) retained her title in the women’s event. The men’s figure skating competition was dubbed the “Battle of the Brians” as Brian Boitano (U.S.) and Brian Orser (Canada) vied for the gold. Though Orser held the edge in international competition, Boitano was victorious at Calgary, skating a nearly perfect performance to narrowly defeat his Canadian rival.

In the Alpine events the supergiant slalom (super-G) was added, and the Alpine combined returned after being absent from the Olympics for 40 years. The stars on the slopes were the flamboyant Alberto Tomba (Italy) and Vreni Schneider (Switzerland), each of whom won gold in both the slalom and giant slalom events.

The women’s speed skating competition was marked by upsets. While most attention was focused on the East German women and the American Bonnie Blair, Yvonne van Gennip of the Netherlands dominated, winning three gold medals. Blair and Christa Luding-Rothenburger (East Germany) claimed the other two golds.

Nordic skiing underwent numerous modifications at Calgary. Team competitions were added in the Nordic combined and the ski jumping events. Cross-country events were revamped because of the “skating technique,” which was introduced at the 1984 Games. The men’s 15- and 30-km races and the women’s 5- and 10-km races were skied using the classic style. The longer distances and relay events used the freestyle, or skating, method. Ski jumping was dominated by Matti Nykänen (Finland), whose three gold medals made him the most successful male athlete at Calgary.

Albertville, France, 1992

The 1992 Games are noted for not only a change in the modern Olympics but a change in the world as well. It was the last time that the Summer and Winter Games would be held in the same year; the next winter competition was scheduled for 1994, while the summer events were slated for 1996. The Games also reflected the changing political climate in central and eastern Europe. Competing as the Unified Team (UT), athletes from the former Soviet republics participated as a single team for the last time. The German squad was reunited following the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989), and Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia competed as independent countries for the first time in over 50 years.

France’s bid for the 16th Winter Olympics was led by three-time gold medalist Jean-Claude Killy, who wanted to revive the economy of the Savoy region. Sixty-four countries attended, sending approximately 1,800 athletes. The number of events reached 57 as short-track speed skating and freestyle skiing were introduced.

The Albertville Games were highlighted by outstanding performances in the Nordic events. Lyubov Yegorova (UT) won three gold and two silver medals in cross-country skiing to become the most successful performer at Albertville. In the men’s cross-country, Norwegians Vegard Ulvang and Bjørn Daehlie dominated the competition, winning three gold medals each. Ski jumper Toni Nieminen, a 16-year-old Finn, used the new V-style method to capture two gold medals and one bronze. Women’s biathlon events were introduced, and the 7.5-km event was won by Anfisa Retsova (UT), who, having won gold in the cross-country relay in 1988, became the first woman to win a gold medal in two different winter sports.

The men’s Alpine skiing events were overwhelmed by the fervent fans of Alberto Tomba. About 15,000 Italians traveled to Albertville to witness Tomba’s races in the slalom and giant slalom. Their hero won the gold medal in the giant slalom but, despite a great second run, had to settle for a silver medal in the slalom.

The most successful speed skater was Gunda Niemann (Germany), with a tally of two gold medals and one silver. Bonnie Blair won the 500- and 1,000-meter events, bringing her Olympic total to three gold medals, a first for an American woman. The comeback story in speed skating was Norwegian Johann Olav Koss. On the day of the opening ceremony, he was in a hospital, suffering from an inflamed pancreas. After passing a gallstone, he was released, whereupon he immediately resumed training. Less than a week later, he won the 1,500-meter event. The figure skating competition was highlighted by the gold medal performance of American Kristi Yamaguchi.

Lillehammer, Norway, 1994

After only a two-year interlude, the Olympic Winter Games returned in 1994, when a 1986 amendment to the Olympic Charter calling for the Summer and Winter Games to be held alternately every two years went into effect. Awarded to Lillehammer, the 1994 Olympics were noteworthy for their environmental conservation. While numerous facilities had to be built to accommodate the events, measures were taken to protect the land. Contractors were fined for cutting down too many trees, the hockey rink was set into the side of a mountain to conserve energy, and buildings were constructed with future use in mind.

Sixty-seven countries, represented by more than 1,700 athletes, attended the Games. With the disbanding of the Unified Team, the republics of the former Soviet Union competed as separate teams. After ending its policy of apartheid, South Africa participated for the first time in 34 years. The number of events also increased as more short-track speed skating and freestyle skiing contests were added.

With the change in the IOC’s rules regarding amateur status and participation, professional athletes were allowed to compete at Lillehammer. The sport most affected by this change was figure skating, with the return of past Olympic champions—American Brian Boitano, German Katarina Witt, British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, and Russian pairs skaters Yekaterina Gordeeva and Sergey Grinkov. Among these past champions, however, only Gordeeva and Grinkov managed to earn a gold medal at Lillehammer. In the women’s competition the major story centered on Americans Nancy Kerrigan and Tonya Harding. About a month before the Games were to begin, Harding was implicated in an attempt to injure Kerrigan. Harding filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Olympic Committee, seeking an injunction against being barred from the Olympics. However, the legal dispute temporarily abated, and both skaters showed up in Lillehammer. The showdown never materialized as Harding stumbled in her short program, eventually finishing eighth. Although Kerrigan skated a nearly flawless program, she was narrowly defeated by Oksana Baiul, a 16-year-old skater from Ukraine.

In the Alpine skiing events Markus Wasmeier (Germany) was the male standout, winning the giant slalom and the supergiant slalom. Vreni Schneider (Switzerland) won the slalom, becoming the first female Alpine skier to win three Olympic gold medals. She also won a silver and a bronze medal at Lillehammer. Canadian Myriam Bédard won two gold medals in the biathlon.

The most successful athletes at Lillehammer were Manuela Di Centa, an Italian cross-country skier who won five medals, including two gold, and Russian Nordic skier Lyubov Yegorova, who won three gold and one silver. Nearly matching their performances was another Nordic skier, Bjørn Daehlie (Norway), who captured two gold medals and two silver. Vladimir Smirnov won a gold and two silver medals in cross-country skiing, the first medals ever for Kazakhstan.

In speed skating Bonnie Blair won two gold medals, bringing her Olympic total to five gold medals, which tied Eric Heiden’s record for the most golds for an American athlete in the history of the Winter Olympics. Norwegian Johann Olav Koss thrilled the home crowd with three gold medals in the long-distance skating events, and American Daniel Jansen overcame six years of Olympic frustration by winning the gold medal in the 1,000-meter race. The South Koreans dominated short-track speed skating, winning four events.