Assorted References

• design
  • In construction: The economic context of building construction
• insurance requirements
  • In insurance: Underwriting principles
• security and protection systems
  • In security and protection system: Physical security.
• use of structural clay products
  • In structural clay products
  • In brick and tile: Uses of brick and tile

applications

• elevators
  • In elevator
• garden and landscape design
  • In garden and landscape design: Structural
• interior design
  • In interior design: Principles of interior design

engineering

• civil engineering
  • In civil engineering: Construction
• drafting
  • In drafting: Types of drawings

environmental problems

• soils
  • In soil mechanics

history

• Africa
  • In African architecture
• buildings
  • In building
• Islamic
  • In Islamic arts: Building materials and technology
  • In Karachi: City layout
• Neolithic
  • In history of technology: Building techniques
• organization of work
  • In history of the organization of work: Large-scale building
  • In history of the organization of work: Monumental construction
• Roman
  • In Western architecture: Building materials
• South America
  • In South America: Industry of South America

types

• architectural restoration
  • In art conservation and restoration: Techniques of building conservation
• underground construction
  • In tunnels and underground excavations: Improvement of surface environment

General

Hugh Brooks,Encyclopedia of Building and Construction Terms (1983), provides useful reference information in nontechnical language; Henry J. Cowan (ed.), Encyclopedia of Building Technology (1988), is a collection of informative articles by authoritative contributors from 15 countries; and Joseph A. Wilkes and Robert T. Packard (eds.), Encyclopedia of Architecture: Design, Engineering & Construction, 5 vol. (1988–89), offers an extensive coverage of a broad spectrum of topics. See also Cyril M. Harris (ed.), Dictionary of Architecture and Construction (1975); and Kornelis Smit (ed.), Means Illustrated Construction Dictionary (1985).

History

Banister Fletcher,Sir Banister Fletcher’s A History of Architecture, 19th ed., edited by John Musgrove (1987), is the most comprehensive exploration of comparative methods. The early history of building materials and building techniques is covered in Norman Davey, A History of Building Materials (1961, reissued 1971); René Alleau, History of the Great Building Constructions (1967; originally published in French, 1966); Henry J. Cowan, The Master Builders: A History of Structural and Environmental Design from Ancient Egypt to the Nineteenth Century (1977, reprinted 1985); and John Fitchen, Building Construction Before Mechanization (1986). Specific urban cultures are the basis of the analyses in Jean Gimpel, The Cathedral Builders, trans. by Teresa Waugh (1983; originally published in French, 1958); John Fitchen, The Construction of Gothic Cathedrals: A Study of Medieval Vault Erection (1961, reissued 1981); Frank D. Prager and Gustina Scaglia, Brunelleschi: Studies of His Technology and Inventions (1970); and E. Baldwin Smith, The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas (1950; reissued 1978). For the industrial age, see Carl W. Condit, American Building Art: The Nineteenth Century (1960), American Building Art: The Twentieth Century (1961), American Building: Materials and Techniques from the First Colonial Settlements to the Present, 2nd ed. (1982), and The Rise of the Skyscraper (1952); Sigfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History (1948, reprinted 1969), and Space, Time, and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition, 5th rev. ed. (1967); Reyner Banham, The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment, 2nd ed. (1984); and Henry J. Cowan, Science and Building: Architectural and Environmental Design in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (1978).

Modern practices

Standards regulating building construction are covered in Building Officials And Code Administrators International, The BOCA Basic/National Building Code (triennial); International Conference Of Building Officials, Uniform Building Code (triennial); Southern Building Code Congress, Southern Standard Building Code (irregular); and American Society Of Heating, Refrigerating, And Air-conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE Guide and Data Book (annual). See also Frederick S. Merritt (ed.), Building Design and Construction Handbook, 4th ed. (1982); and Charles A. Herubin, Construction Site Planning and Development (1988). Standards and data pertaining to architecture, building, and allied fields are illustrated in John Ray Hoke, Jr. (ed.), Ramsey/Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards, 8th ed. (1988). See also Albert G.H. Dietz, Dwelling House Construction, 4th rev. ed. (1974); Joseph D. Falcone, Principles and Practices of Residential Construction (1987); Francis D.K. Ching, Building Construction Illustrated (1975); Harold B. Olin, John L. Schmidt, and Walter H. Lewis, Construction: Principles, Materials & Methods, 5th ed. (1983), focusing on low-rise construction; and, for nontraditional building, Lester L. Boyer and Walter T. Grondzik, Earth Shelter Technology (1987).

B.S. Benjamin, Structures for Architects, 2nd rev. ed. (1984), analyzes the behavior of structural systems based on physical principles and properties of materials; Mario Salvadori, Why Buildings Stand Up: The Strength of Architecture (1980), is an illustrated introduction to structural engineering; and Mario Salvadori and Robert Heller, Structure in Architecture: The Building of Buildings, 3rd ed. (1986), is a broader survey of foundations and structural systems. See also Ronald C. Smith and Cameron K. Andres, Principles and Practices of Heavy Construction, 3rd ed. (1986); Irving Engel, Structural Steel in Architecture and Building Technology (1988); E. Eranti and G.C. Lee, Cold Region Structural Engineering (1986); and Wolfgang Schueller, High-Rise Building Structures, 2nd ed. (1986).

The following works focus on building materials: Ronald C. Smith and Cameron K. Andres, Materials of Construction, 4th ed. (1988); Paul Bianchina, Illustrated Dictionary of Building Materials and Techniques (1986); Edward Allen, Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods (1985); and Henry J. Cowan and Peter R. Smith, The Science and Technology of Building Materials (1988).

Mechanical and electrical systems are studied in Richard D. Rush, The Building Systems Integration Handbook (1986); Building Services Research And Information Association, Building Services Materials Handbook: Heating, Sanitation, and Fire Protection (1987); Roger W. Haines, Control Systems for Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, 4th ed. (1987); Benjamin Stein, John S. Reynolds, and William J. McGuinness, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 7th ed. (1986); and Robert H. Perry and Tyler G. Hicks (eds.), Building Systems Reference Guide (1987).

The height of the Willis Tower has been widely and erroneously reported as 1,454 feet (443 metres). According to Skidmore, Owings & Merrill , the architectural firm in charge of designing the building, the correct height is 1,450 feet (442 metres). This is also nearly identical to the figure favoured by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat , the international organization that determines the officially accepted heights of buildings.