Anatomy & Physiology, GOI-INC
Human beings have long been curious about the way that things work, and that curiosity includes wondering about how we ourselves work. The fields of anatomy and physiology involve studying the structures of bodies and the way that those structures and bodies function.
Anatomy & Physiology Encyclopedia Articles By Title
goitre, enlargement of the thyroid gland, resulting in a prominent swelling in the front of the neck. The normal......
goitrogen, substance that inhibits the synthesis of the thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine), thereby......
gonad, in zoology, primary reproductive gland that produces reproductive cells (gametes). In males the gonads are......
granulocyte, any of a group of white blood cells (leukocytes) that are characterized by the large number and chemical......
granulomatous thyroiditis, inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland, of unknown but presumably viral origin. It......
Graves disease, endocrine disorder that is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (excess secretion of thyroid......
ground substance, an amorphous gel-like substance present in the composition of the various connective tissues.......
guanine, an organic compound belonging to the purine group, a class of compounds with a characteristic two-ringed......
gum, in anatomy, connective tissue covered with mucous membrane, attached to and surrounding the necks of the teeth......
gynecomastia, enlargement of the breasts in the male, usually because of hormone imbalance. The growth and development......
hair, in mammals, the characteristic threadlike outgrowths of the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) that form......
hamstring, any of the three muscles at the back of the thigh that begin at the pelvis (specifically originating......
hand, grasping organ at the end of the forelimb of certain vertebrates that exhibits great mobility and flexibility......
handedness, a tendency to use one hand rather than the other to perform most activities; it is the usual practice......
haptoglobin, a colourless protein of the α-globulin fraction of human serum (liquid portion of blood plasma after......
Hashimoto disease, a noninfectious form of inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis). Hashimoto disease is......
head, in human anatomy, the upper portion of the body, consisting of the skull with its coverings and contents,......
hearing, in biology, physiological process of perceiving sound. See ear; mechanoreception; perception; sound...
heart, organ that serves as a pump to circulate the blood. It may be a straight tube, as in spiders and annelid......
heart rate, the number of times the ventricles of the heart contract and relax (that is, beat) per minute or other......
heart sound, audible rhythmic vibrations in the heart, typically heard through a stethoscope pressed to the chest......
heart–lung machine, a type of artificial heart...
heel, in anatomy, back part of the human foot, below the ankle and behind the arch, and the corresponding part......
helper T cell, type of white blood cell that serves as a key mediator of immune function. Helper T cells play a......
hemagglutinin, any of a group of naturally occurring glycoproteins that cause red blood cells (erythrocytes) to......
hematology, branch of medical science concerned with the nature, function, and diseases of the blood. In the 17th......
hemicellulose, any of a group of complex carbohydrates that, with other carbohydrates (e.g., pectins), surround......
hemochromogen, compound of the iron-containing pigment heme with a protein or other substance. The hemochromogens......
hemocytoblast, generalized stem cell, from which, according to the monophyletic theory of blood cell formation,......
hemoglobin, iron-containing protein in the blood of many animals—in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of vertebrates—that......
hemolysis, breakdown or destruction of red blood cells so that the contained oxygen-carrying pigment hemoglobin......
heparin, anticoagulant drug that is used to prevent blood clots from forming during and after surgery and to treat......
hepatic vein, any of a group of veins that transports blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava, which carries......
herd immunity, state in which a large proportion of a population is able to repel an infectious disease, thereby......
heterospecific mating, mating in which the man and woman have incompatible blood types, such that the woman may......
high-risk pregnancy, pregnancy in which the mother, the fetus, or the newborn has an elevated risk of experiencing......
hindbrain, region of the developing vertebrate brain that is composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the......
hip, in anatomy, the joint between the thighbone (femur) and the pelvis; also the area adjacent to this joint.......
hippocampus, region of the brain that is associated primarily with memory. The name hippocampus is derived from......
histogenesis, series of organized, integrated processes by which cells of the primary germ layers of an embryo......
histone, type of protein that plays a critical role in the structural organization and regulation of DNA within......
Holliday junction, cross-shaped structure that forms during the process of genetic recombination, when two double-stranded......
homeostasis, any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting......
hoof, hard, flexible covering that protects the toes of ungulate mammals. Because all hoofed animals essentially......
hormone, organic substance secreted by plants and animals that functions in the regulation of physiological activities......
- Introduction
- Vertebrates, Endocrine, Neuroendocrine
- LH, ICSH, Endocrine
- Thyroid Gland, Metabolism, Hormone Production
- Parathyroid, Calcium, Parathormone
- Glucagon, Pancreas, Regulation
- Reproductive, Endocrine, Glands
- Endocrine Glands, Secretions, Hormone Functions
- Molting, Insects, Juveniles
- Plant Growth, Photosynthesis, Reproduction
- Growth Inhibitors
horn, in zoology, either of the pair of hard processes that grow from the upper portion of the head of many hoofed......
hot flash, symptom of declining estrogen levels associated with menopause that is characterized by a sensation......
Fish primarily breathe through gills, which are specialized organs that extract dissolved oxygen from water. The......
Fish reproduction is a fascinating process that varies significantly across different species. Most bony fishes......
Fish enter a restful state marked by minimal movement and decreased responsiveness. During this time, they maintain......
Frogs have an adaptable respiratory system that allows them to breathe in multiple ways throughout their life cycle......
Horses sleep both standing up and lying down. Most of their sleeping time is spent standing, which is crucial for......
Have you ever seen a monkey getting a manicure? Though that line sounds like the beginning of a bad joke, it actually......
Penguins have a unique feather arrangement and body structure that provides excellent insulation. Their feathers......
Snakes have a unique and fascinating way of swallowing prey that is much larger than their own heads and even bodies.......
Modern birds are living dinosaurs, having evolved from a line of theropod dinosaurs more than 150 million years......
Mechanical ventilators have played an important, if controversial, role in the treatment of patients with severe......
People are mammals, and mammals are warm-blooded creatures, capable of maintaining a relatively constant internal......
BMI stands for “body mass index” and is an estimate of total body fat. BMI does not measure body fat directly,......
Whales can hold their breath for varying durations depending on the species, with some capable of staying submerged......
Chicken eggs typically take about 21 days to hatch. This is the time it takes for a fertilized egg to develop into......
The process of food digestion typically takes between 24 and 72 hours. The precise length of time is determined......
Rigor mortis typically sets in about two to six hours after death, beginning with the smaller muscles of the body,......
Spiders typically have eight eyes, although some species may have fewer. The number and arrangement of eyes can......
A typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their......
The number of teeth a shark has can vary significantly depending on the species, but some species may go through......
Jellyfish are a diverse group of marine animals, and their tentacle count varies significantly across different......
On May 28, 1934, a miracle happened. In a modest farmhouse in Corbeil, Ontario, Canada, parents Oliva and Elzire......
human aging, physiological changes that take place in the human body leading to senescence, the decline of biological......
human body, the physical substance of the human organism, composed of living cells and extracellular materials......
human cardiovascular system, organ system that conveys blood through vessels to and from all parts of the body,......
- Introduction
- Origin, Development & Function
- Heart Wall, Blood Flow, Circulation
- Coronary Arteries, Heart Valves, Blood Flow
- Electrocardiogram, Heartbeat, Circulation
- Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
- Arteries, Circulation, Blood Flow
- Pulse, Circulation, Blood Vessels
- Superior Vena Cava, Tributaries, Circulation
- Inferior Vena Cava, Tributaries, Circulation
- Capillaries, Circulation, Oxygenation
human development, the process of growth and change that takes place between birth and maturity. Human growth is......
human microbiome, the full array of microorganisms (the microbiota) that live on and in humans and, more specifically,......
humerus, long bone of the upper limb or forelimb of land vertebrates that forms the shoulder joint above, where......
humour, (from Latin “liquid,” or “fluid”), in early Western physiological theory, one of the four fluids of the......
hyaline cartilage, type of connective tissue, glossy pearl-gray or blue-white in appearance and resilient, found......
hyaluronic acid, naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrate tissues, particularly......
hydrocele, excessive accumulation of fluids in the scrotal sac that surrounds the testes in the male reproductive......
hymen, in the female reproductive system, the membrane that encircles or covers part of the opening of the vagina.......
hyoid bone, U-shaped bone situated at the root of the tongue in the front of the neck and between the lower jaw......
hyperaldosteronism, increased secretion of the hormone aldosterone by the cells of the zona glomerulosa (the outer......
hyperopia, refractive error or abnormality in which the cornea and lens of the eye focus the image of the visual......
hyperparathyroidism, abnormal increase in the secretion of parathormone by one or more parathyroid glands. Hyperparathyroidism......
hypertension, condition that arises when the blood pressure is abnormally high. Hypertension occurs when the body’s......
hyperthyroidism, excess production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Most patients with hyperthyroidism......
hypoaldosteronism, abnormally low serum levels of aldosterone, a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal gland.......
hypogonadism, in men, decreased testicular function that results in testosterone deficiency and infertility. Hypogonadism......
hypoparathyroidism, inadequate secretion of parathormone. Hypoparathyroidism can be due to decreased secretion......
hypopituitarism, deficiency of pituitary hormones caused by damage to the pituitary gland. Patients may have a......
hypotension, condition in which the blood pressure is abnormally low, either because of reduced blood volume or......
hypothalamus, region of the brain lying below the thalamus and making up the floor of the third cerebral ventricle.......
hypothyroidism, a deficiency in hormone production by the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism usually results from a......
Ii blood group system, classification of human blood based on the presence of antigens I and i on the surface of......
ileum, the final and longest segment of the small intestine. It is specifically responsible for the absorption......
iliocostalis muscle, any of the deep muscles of the back that, as part of the erector spinae (sacrospinalis) muscle......
immune system, the complex group of defense responses found in humans and other advanced vertebrates that helps......
- Introduction
- Interferons, Antibodies, Cells
- Macrophages, Antigens, Defense
- Lymphocytes, Antigens, Immunity
- Antigens, Cells, Receptors
- Lymphocytes, Diversity, Adaptive
- IgA, IgG, IgM
- T Cells, Antigens, Receptors
- T Cells, B Cells, Activation
- Antibodies, Mediated, Mechanisms
- Killer Cells, Antigens, Defense
- Cancer Immunity, T-cells, Antigens
- Evolution, Defense, Adaptation
immunization, process by which resistance to disease is acquired or induced in plants and animals. This discussion......
immunology, the scientific study of the body’s resistance to invasion by other organisms (i.e., immunity). In a......
implantation, in reproduction physiology, the adherence of a fertilized egg to a surface in the reproductive tract,......
incontinence, inability to control the excretion of urine or feces. Starting and stopping urination relies on normal......