- Related Topics:
- enamelwork
- bronze work
- copper work
- ironwork
- silverwork
South Asia
Iron
The manufacture of iron by primitive small-scale methods has survived in southern India and Sri Lanka to the present day. The slag heaps of ancient furnaces are common, and the processes have probably been in use for more than 2,000 years; but it is unknown whether they are of indigenous invention or acquired. In southern India iron immediately succeeded stone as a material for tools and weapons, and prehistoric iron weapons began to come into use about 500 bc. The wrought-iron pillar of Delhi, set up about ad 400 by Kumara Gupta I in honour of his father, is more than 23 feet (7 metres) tall and weighs more than 6 tons. It demonstrates the abilities of Indian metalworkers in handling large masses of material, for not until the latter part of the 19th century could anything of the same kind have been made in Europe. There are other large iron pillars at Dhar and at Mount Abu.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaGold and silver
In India, gold jewelry has been found from the Indus culture. Excavations at Taxila have revealed gold and silver drinking vessels and jewelry of Hellenistic types dating to about the 1st century ad. From the same time is the important Buddhist gold reliquary from Bimaran, Afghanistan, set in rubies and decorated with embossed figures in Gandhara style.
During the Gupta period (ad 320–647), vessels of Hellenistic and Persian shapes were evidently made, for they are represented in the sculpture and frescoes of the period. More Indian in style are a silver dish of the 3rd or 4th century, decorated with a Bacchanalian scene of a yaksha drinking, and a 7th-century silver bowl from northern India, which is embellished with medallions in low relief. Jewelry played a very important role, and, although no original pieces have survived, it can be studied in frescoes at Ajanta and on contemporary sculptures.
In spite of the fact that gold and silver vessels have been common in India since classical times, there is very little material extant before the 17th century, when all kinds of vessels were produced in bronze, brass, copper, and, for the royal houses, in silver. Shapes and decorations vary in different regions. Delhi was famous for its craftsmen, especially in the time of Akbar in the 16th century and Jahangir and Shah Jahan in the 17th. Much work was done in precious metal, and vessels and ornaments of jade were inlaid with gold and gems. Northern India is famous for its enamels. Enamellers from Lahore were brought to Jaipur in the 16th century by Man Singh, and enamel was employed extensively in combination with goldwork and silverwork in the 17th and 18th centuries there and elsewhere. The Punjab, Lucknow, and parts of Gujarat state were long celebrated for their metalworkers. In the south, silverwork in svamin-style is characterized by religious-figure scenes in relief, executed in three different techniques. Craftsmen in Tirupati put silver sheet on copper; Chennai (Madras), Bangalore (Bengaluru), and Tiruchchirappalli are known for hammered vessels with traced decoration; and Thanjavur (Tanjore) produced a more Baroque effect with inlays of silver in copper. From the former Travancore state, Mysore, and Bijapur in the southwest come chased vessels with floral patterns, the lotus predominating. In the north the Hindu style is well represented by works from Varanasi (Benares).
Persian-Islamic influence is found in several vessel shapes; for example, ewers and basins for water and smoking furniture, such as hookahs, which also have Islamic patterns. Jewelry from the later periods employs precious stones, pearls, gold, and silver in great variety. The old types are repeated, with symmetrical arrangements of rosettes and leaves for bracelets, necklaces, pendants, rings, and foot ornaments. Very fine work in silver filigree was executed at Cuttack in Orissa and was used on jewelry and various larger items.
Central and Southeast Asia
Indian styles and techniques spread to the neighbouring countries. In Nepal precious metals were used in architecture; pagodas, temples, and palaces sometimes had facades richly decorated with ornaments embossed in gilt copper with settings of precious stones.
In Tibet, copper and brass were usually used for vessels, but these metals were often decorated with applied silver or gold ornaments; and in eastern Tibet, especially, teapots were made of silver with gilt appliqué. While many of the ornaments are Chinese, Buddhist shapes and patterns of Indian origin were used for ritual vessels. Other ritual objects were sometimes made of silver or, more rarely, of gold, though bronze is again the common material. Silver is used for amulets and jewelry with rich settings of turquoises, carnelian, and lapis lazuli.
In Thailand, Buddhist vessels were made out of chased silver, very often in the shape of a lotus flower whose petals are decorated with other, embossed, floral and figure motifs.
Myanmar (Burma) is known for its chased silver vessels heavily decorated with figures and floral patterns in relief, related to the south Indian svamin work. The use of gold and silver vessels for domestic purposes was denied to all but those of royal blood. Good examples of earlier golden regalia are in London’s Victoria and Albert Museum.
In Vietnam, goldwork and silverwork of the Cham culture are preserved from the 10th century. It is exemplified by a crown and heavy jewelry made for a life-size statue found in the ruin of a temple at Mison. From later times there is a royal treasure with four crowns, various amulets, arm rings, and table services of gold, richly decorated with embossing and openwork.
Bo Vilhelm Gyllensvärd