Life Cycle, Processes & Properties, CAN-CLE
None of us are born looking exactly the way that we do today; this is because humans, like other species, undergo a series of changes as they mature and age, in accordance with their biological life cycle. This process can look very different across different species. In many simple organisms and in higher animals, the life cycle is completed within a single generation, while in most plants, the life cycle is multigenerational.
Life Cycle, Processes & Properties Encyclopedia Articles By Title
canker sore, a small, painful ulcer of the oral cavity, typically round, shallow, and white in appearance and occurring......
cannibalism, in zoology, the eating of any animal by another member of the same species. Cannibalism frequently......
canola oil, vegetable oil made from the pressed seeds of rapeseed (Brassica napus variety napus), a relative of......
capsule, in botany, dry fruit that opens when ripe. It splits from apex to base into separate segments known as......
carbohydrate, class of naturally occurring compounds and derivatives formed from them. Carbohydrates are probably......
- Introduction
- Energy, Structure, Nutrition
- Energy, Digestion, Nutrition
- Structure, Function, Sources
- Chemical Reactions
- Methyl Ethers, Formation, Structure
- Sucrose, Trehalose, Glucose
- Polysaccharides, Monosaccharides, Glycans
- Polysaccharides, Glycosidic Bonds, Glycans
- Spectroscopy, Sugars, Polysaccharides
carbon monoxide poisoning, often fatal condition resulting from inhalation of carbon monoxide, frequently occurring......
carbuncle, in medicine, a type of inflammatory staphylococcal infection of the skin. A carbuncle typically consists......
carcinogen, any of a number of agents that can cause cancer in humans. They can be divided into three major categories:......
carcinoma, a cancerous growth of surface (epithelial) tissues of the skin, digestive tract, blood vessels, and......
cardiac arrest, sudden loss of heart function, in which the regular contraction of the heart muscle unexpectedly......
cardiomyopathy, any cardiac disease process that results in heart failure due to a decrease in the pumping power......
cardiovascular disease, any of the diseases, whether congenital or acquired, of the heart and blood vessels. Among......
- Introduction
- Abnormalities, Heart Chambers, Risk Factors
- Valves, Abnormalities, Treatment
- Acquired, Risk Factors, Prevention
- Risk Factors, Prevention, Treatment
- Myocardial Infarction, Risk Factors, Prevention
- Coronary Bypass, Surgery, Risk
- Heart, Pulmonary Artery, Aorta
- Syphilis, Heart, Aorta
- Myocardial Infarction, Hypertension, Arrhythmia
- Rhythm, Conduction, Prevention
- Supraventricular Arrhythmia, Risk Factors, Treatment
- Ventricular Arrhythmia, Risk Factors, Treatment
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Heart Failure, Treatment
- Prevention, Medication, Surgery
- Repair, Acquired Defects
- Coronary Artery, Risk Factors, Prevention
- Arterial Damage, Risk Factors, Prevention
- Atherosclerosis, Plaque, Arteries
- Nonocclusive, Risk Factors, Prevention
- Risk Factors, Prevention, Treatment
- Vein Disorders, Atherosclerosis, Hypertension
- Hemodynamics, Disorders, Risk Factors
- Shock, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anaphylaxis, Shock, Symptoms
- Refractory, Irreversible, Shock
caries, cavity or decay of a tooth, a localized disease that begins at the surface of the tooth and may progress......
carnivore, animal whose diet consists of other animals. Adaptations for a carnivorous diet include a variety of......
carotenemia, yellow skin discoloration caused by excess blood carotene; it may follow overeating of such carotenoid-rich......
carotenoid, any of a group of nonnitrogenous yellow, orange, or red pigments that are almost universally distributed......
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), condition of numbness, tingling, or pain in the wrist caused by repetitive flexing......
Carrión disease, rickettsial infection limited to South America, caused by the bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis......
caryopsis, specialized type of dry, one-seeded fruit (achene) characteristic of grasses, in which the ovary wall......
case definition, in epidemiology, set of criteria used in making a decision as to whether an individual has a disease......
case fatality rate, in epidemiology, the proportion of people who die from a specified disease among all individuals......
case-control study, in epidemiology, observational (nonexperimental) study design used to ascertain information......
casebearer, (family Coleophoridae), any larva of a group of moths (order Lepidoptera) that are characteristically......
caste, in biology, a subset of individuals within a colony (society) of social animals that is specialized in the......
cat scratch disease, bacterial infection in human beings caused by Bartonella henselae, which is transmitted by......
catabolism, the sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which relatively large molecules in living cells are......
cataplexy, a sudden brief impairment of muscle tone, such as a limpness of the arms or legs, that is often precipitated......
cataract, opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye. Cataracts occur in 50 percent of people between the ages......
catatonia, psychomotor syndrome in which an affected individual is unresponsive and immobile or occasionally hyperactive,......
catatonic schizophrenia, rare severe mental disorder characterized by striking motor behaviour, typically involving......
caterpillar, larva of a butterfly or moth (Lepidoptera). Most caterpillars have cylindrical bodies consisting of......
caul, a portion of the amnion, or bag of waters, which is sometimes found remaining around the head of a child......
cauliflower ear, distortion of the cartilage of the outer ear as the result of an injury. If the injury causes......
cedar-apple rust, plant disease that primarily affects eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and various apple......
celiac disease, an inherited autoimmune digestive disorder in which affected individuals cannot tolerate gluten,......
cell differentiation, process by which an immature cell develops into a specialized cell type with a distinct structure......
cell division, the process by which cells reproduce. See meiosis;...
cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical......
cellulitis, bacterial infection of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by any bacteria that enters a superficial......
cementum, in anatomy, thin layer of bonelike material covering the roots and sometimes other parts of the teeth......
centromere, structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids (the daughter strands of a replicated......
cephalic disorder, any of several conditions affecting the structure and function of the human brain and central......
cerebellar ataxia, any of several conditions characterized primarily by a failure of muscle coordination (ataxia)......
cerebral edema, swelling of part or all of the brain, caused by the presence of excess fluid within either the......
cerebral palsy, a group of neurological disorders characterized by paralysis resulting from abnormal development......
cervical cancer, disease characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the cervix, the region of the uterus......
cervical erosion, ulceration of the lining of the uterine cervix made evident by bright red or pink spots around......
cervical spondylosis, degenerative disease of the neck vertebrae, causing compression of the spinal cord and cervical......
cervicitis, inflammation of the uterine cervix, the small, thick-walled tube that is the protruding extension of......
cestodiasis, infestation with cestodes, a group of flattened and tapelike hermaphroditic worms that are intestinal......
Chagas disease, infection with the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It is transmitted to humans by bloodsucking......
Charles Joseph Chamberlain was a U.S. botanist whose research into the morphology and life cycles of the cycads,......
Hugh Chamberlen, the Elder was a British male midwife, prominent member of a family of medical men remembered for......
chancre, typical skin lesion of the primary stage of infectious syphilis, usually appearing on the penis, labia,......
chancroid, acute, localized, chiefly sexually transmitted disease, usually of the genital area, caused by the bacillus......
Walter Channing was a U.S. physician and one of the founders of the Boston Lying-In Hospital (1832). He was the......
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a group of inherited nerve diseases characterized by slowly progressive weakness and......
chemical dependency, the body’s physical and/or psychological addiction to a psychoactive (mind-altering) substance,......
chemoreception, process by which organisms respond to chemical stimuli in their environments that depends primarily......
- Introduction
- Taste, Smell, Receptors
- Olfaction, Odorants, Receptors
- Taste, Smell, Interaction
- Bacteria, Insects, Fish
- Specialized chemosensory structures
- Pheromones, Olfaction, Taste
- Sex Attractant, Pheromones
- Aphrodisiac, Pheromones
- Foraging, Taste, Smell
- Chemical Defense, Signaling, Receptors
- Taste, Smell, Signaling
- Human, Animals, Smell
chestnut blight, plant disease caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (formerly known as Endothia parasitica).......
chewing, up-and-down and side-to-side movements of the lower jaw that assist in reducing particles of solid food,......
chickenpox, contagious viral disease characterized by an eruption of vesicles (small blisters) on the skin. The......
chikungunya fever, viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes that is characterized by fever, headache,......
chilblain, an inflammatory swelling of the skin of the hands or feet, resulting from exposure to cold. The condition......
child behaviour disorder, any deviation in conduct that is aggressive or disruptive in nature, that persists for......
child development, the growth of perceptual, emotional, intellectual, and behavioral capabilities and functioning......
childhood, period of the human lifespan between infancy and adolescence, extending from ages 1–2 to 12–13. See......
childhood disease and disorder, any illness, impairment, or abnormal condition that affects primarily infants and......
childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), a rare neurobiological disorder characterized by the deterioration of......
chlorine deficiency, condition in which chlorine is insufficient or is not utilized properly. Chlorine is a component......
chlorophyll, any member of the most important class of pigments involved in photosynthesis, the process by which......
chlorosis, symptom of plant disease in which normally green tissue is pale, yellow, or bleached. It results from......
cholecystitis, acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, in most instances associated with the presence......
cholera, an acute infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and characterized by......
chondromalacia patella, condition in which the cartilage on the undersurface of the kneecap (patella) becomes softened......
chondrosarcoma, rare malignant tumour of bone formed from cartilage. Pain is the most common symptom. Primary chondrosarcomas......
chorea, neurological disorder characterized by irregular and involuntary movements of muscle groups in various......
chorea, in dogs, a disorder in which muscle spasms are prominent. It is usually associated with distemper, encephalitis,......
chorion, in reptiles, birds, and mammals, the outermost membrane around the embryo. It develops from an outer fold......
chromatid, one of a pair of daughter strands of a replicated chromosome. Chromatids serve an essential role in......
chromatophore, pigment-containing cell in the deeper layers of the skin of animals. Depending on the colour of......
chromoblastomycosis, chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues that is characterized by the......
chromosomal disorder, any syndrome characterized by malformations or malfunctions in any of the body’s systems,......
chronic granulomatous disease, a group of rare inherited diseases characterized by the inability of certain white......
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), progressive respiratory disease characterized by the combination......
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), degenerative brain disease typically associated with repetitive trauma......
chyme, a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach......
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, a rare inherited childhood disease characterized by the inability of white blood cells......
ciliaris muscle, muscle of the ciliary body of the eye, between the sclera (white of the eye) and the fine ligaments......
circadian rhythm, the cyclical 24-hour period of human biological activity. Within the circadian (24-hour) cycle,......
circulation, in anatomy and physiology, the continuous movement of blood throughout the body, driven by the pumping......
cirrhosis, irreversible change in the normal liver tissue that results in the degeneration of functioning liver......
Cornelia Maria Clapp was an American zoologist and educator whose influence as a teacher was great and enduring......
claustrophobia, persistent extreme irrational fear of enclosed or confined spaces. The word claustrophobia is derived......
cleaning behaviour, self-grooming, as the action of a bird in preening its feathers, or mutual grooming as part......
cleavage, in embryology, the first few cellular divisions of a zygote (fertilized egg). Initially, the zygote splits......
cleft lip, relatively common congenital deformity in which the central to medial upper lip fails to fuse properly......
cleft palate, congenital deformity in which the palatal shelves (in the roof of the mouth) fail to close during......
cleidocranial dysostosis, rare congenital, hereditary disorder characterized by collarbones that are absent or......
Clever Hans, a performing horse in Berlin in the late 19th and early 20th centuries celebrated for demonstrating......